Here are different ways to get along with your classmates

Here = subj
are = linking verb
different ways = subj compl (noun)
[to get along] infinitive phrase
[with your classmates] preposition phrase

We have collected the best tips to help you make friends at school.
We have collected the best tips
[to help you make new friends]
[at school].

A basic introduction is a great way to put yourself out there

A basic introduction = subject
is = linking verb
a great way = object
[to put yourself out there] infinitive phrase

If you say you are good at playing the piano, they will want to learn more.

Chongqing, a city in Southwest China, is famous for its exciting nightlife.

1) nonessential information = a city [in Southwest China] (prep phrase)
2) Chongqing(subj) is(linking verb) famous (subj compl: adj) [3]
3) [for its exciting nightlife] (prep phrase)

But now, [something new is happening there].

Something new (subj)
is (linking verb)
happening (noun)
there. (adverb)

Young people are going to school at night to learn new things.

Young people(subj)
are (helping verb)
going (main verb)
[to school] // prep phrase
[at night] // prep phrase
[(to learn) new things]. // infinitive phrase

The special school(subj) is (linking verb) [in a park] (prep phrase).

It is not a normal school, but it is a place where you can learn.

It(subj) is(lv) not a (normal school) (subj compl: noun)
It(subj) is(lv) a place(subj compl: noun) [(where) you can learn] (subordinate clause).

Industrialist calls up and meets a US Senator who is on a procurement committee of the Pentagon and tells him to vote in favor of a policy that would help him win a $ 250 Million contract

In exchange the Industrialist offers to organize a Super PAC for the Senator and fund it with 2% or $ 5 Million plus offer the Senator to buy in 30,000 shares at $ 15 Million from his own shareholding by transferring the shares to the Senator without encashing the senators cheque

The Senator votes in favor of the Industrialist and makes a speech in his favor and uses his political favors to get the contract

Shares of the company rise 30% in the next 20 days and the Senator sells his shares and pockets $ 4.5 Million profit legitimately

Is this Corruption

A Senator gains almost $ 10 Million

Nopes

It’s absolutely legal and proper

It started with US, then UK, then Europe and now even in India – it’s absolutely legal

Adani Or Ambani can simply have his broker transfer 100,000 shares to a Minister responsible for tendering , not encash their cheques and when the shares rise – to transfer the legal profit to the minister and take back their shares

A ₹100/- fluctuation earns you ₹1 Crore of absolutely legitimate money

The US and the West claim whatever they do where they use undue influence as “Lobbying” and give it 100% legitimate status

Congressmen can be purchased when a Lobby group organizes a $ 5,000 a plate charity dinner and gets 1000 Rich Jews to attend the dinner

The Congressman pockets a cool tax free $ 5 Million and uses his campaign to buy a $ 2.5 Million House where he lives for a $ 100 monthly rent

In exchange he votes for more bombing of Gaza and Lebanon and a further $ 50 Billion for Israel

A Corrupt Lobby Group buys up 30 Million copies of Boris Johnsons book before it’s published and makes it a best seller and earns him £ 24 Million in Royalties

In exchange he lobbies up votes to allow Ukraine to hit Moscow with Storm Shadow Missiles and escalate a potential world War

Absolutely Legal!!!!!

You want to take over a Corporation owned site in the UK to build a Block of 50 Private Flats at £ 600,000 – £ 2 Million per flat

You allow the Head of the Local Committee who makes the decision to book a flat at cost of £ 200,000 (Cost of actual materials) and dont encash his cheque and when the flat is ready and sold for £ 600,000 or £ 700,000 – he sells the flat and pockets the £ 400,000- £ 500,000 profit

Legitimate Business!!!

So he gladly allows a Builder to build a block of Private Flats instead of 200 Council Flats that the average middle class or low income britisher can get for £ 250,000

Meanwhile :-

An Ordinary two bit cop eats a free meal in exchange for writing off a couple of parking tickets worth $ 100

Major Corruption and IA cans him and gives him a formal reprimand

A Bank Employee accepts a £ 10,000 business class vacation in exchange for quickly issuing a £ 2 Million Pound Loan and that’s corruption that warrants his dismissal and maybe even a corruption case

How can you make out what is Corruption when you yourself define what Corruption is ?

Thats the Difference

In the West – Corruption at higher levels are tolerated and encouraged and legalised

Yet the hypocrisy is that Lower level corruption is all that matters

In China – Corruption at the higher levels are absolutely and totally forbidden and crushed ruthlessly

Yet at the Lower Levels Corruption is tolerated and legalised

The West says since China has low level corruption – China is Corrupt

They make the rules right?

So both the West and China have corruption in their economy and society

In the West it’s Top layered

In China it’s low layered

The West says Low Level Corruption is what’s bad

China says Top Level Corruption is what’s bad

The West hammer the small fry and the average man for corruption

China hammers powerful people, industrialists and key party members for corruption

Ultimately – its a question of perception as to which system is better and which is worse

I live in India where both Top Level and Bottom Level Corruption is RAMPANT as hell so i can’t be the judge of this question

Dependent clause: A clause that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence. It needs an independent clause to make sense.  
Adverbial (Adverb) clause: A type of dependent clause that functions as an adverb. It modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb.  

“Dependent clause” is a broad category.
|
|–“Adverbial clause” is a specific type within that category.  

Here’s an analogy:

“Fruit” is like a dependent clause (a general term).
“Apple” is like an adverbial clause (a specific type of fruit).

Examples

Dependent clause: “that I saw yesterday” (This is a noun clause, acting as the object of the verb)

Adverbial clause: “because I was hungry” (This modifies the verb, explaining why something happened)  

Key features of adverbial clauses:

They start with a subordinating conjunction (because, when, if, although, etc.).  

They answer questions like how, why, when, where, to what extent.  

They modify verbs, adjectives, or adverbs.  

All adverbial clauses are dependent clauses, but not all dependent clauses are adverbial clauses.  

Here are some more examples to illustrate

Adverbial clause:

“When the bell rang, the students left.” (modifies the verb “left”)  

When = conjunction
the bell rang = clause
When + the bell rang = adverbial (adverb) clause

clause 2 = the students left.

adverbial clause “When the bell rang” modifies verb ‘left’.

Adverbial clause: “She was so tired that she fell asleep at her desk.” (modifies the adjective “tired”)  

Dependent clause (noun clause): “I don’t know [what he said].” (acts as the object of the verb “know”)

Dependent clause (relative “adjective” clause):

“[The dog (that chased the cat)] is mine.” (modifies the noun “dog”)  

Open up Safari and look at your menu:

Click on Safari. A menu will open up. Click on ‘Settings’:

Click on ‘Advanced’:

On the bottom of the window, there’s a checkbox for Show Develop Menu. Check it:

On your webpage, do ao right click, and you’ll see the ‘Inspect Element’ option. Click on it to see the html elements on your web page:

The English grammar concept where the second verb in a sentence uses the base form is primarily related to the use of:

Modal Verbs:

Modal verbs (can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would) are always followed by the base form of the main verb.
Example: She can sing beautifully.
Verbs of Perception:

Verbs like see, hear, watch, feel, notice, observe are often followed by an object and then the base form of a verb to describe the action that was perceived.
Example: I saw him leave the house.
Causative Verbs:

The verbs let, make, and have (when used in a causative sense) are followed by an object and the base form of a verb.
*Example: He made her laugh.
Other Constructions:

There are also some other specific constructions where the base form is used, such as after the expressions had better and sometimes after the verb help.
Examples: You had better go now. / Can you help me move this box?
Additional Notes

The base form of a verb is its simplest, uninflected form, as it appears in the dictionary.
In these constructions, the first verb (modal, perception, causative, etc.) carries the grammatical information about tense, mood, etc., so the second verb remains in its base form.

1. Noun Clause

   Subj + (verb: think/believe/know/understand/realize/remember/guess…) + [(that/what/which/who/why/) subj + verb + …]

   • know: We know [that the earth is round].
   • know: We know [what the problem is].
   • know: We know [who stole the money].
   • know: We know [which car has the problem].
   • know: We know [why he was killed].
   • forget: He forgot [that he had an appointment].
   • forget: He forgot [which house it was].
   • forget: He forgot [why he was there].
   • forget: He forgot [who his friends were].
   • think: I think [that she is right].
   • believe: He believes [that hard work pays off].
   • understand: I understand [what the issues are].
   • realize: She realized [why we lost].
   • remember: I remember [that we met last year].
   • imagine: I imagine [that we are doomed].
   • suppose: I suppose [that is true].
   • guess: I guess [that is true].
   • discover: They discovered [why the sky is blue].
   • learn: We learned [that the earth revolves around the sun].
   • decide: He decided [that he would go to college].
   • show: The data shows [that the economy is terrible].
   • prove: The evidence proves [which player is the best].
   • say: She said [that she would be late].
   • tell: He told me [when it will happen].
   • explain: The teacher explained [that the test was postponed].
   • report: The news reported [why America was crumbling].
   • announce: They announced [that inflation will increase]
   • declare: He declared [that he was innocent].
   • claim: She claimed [that she saw a UFO].
   • admit: He admitted [that he was wrong].
   • deny: She denied [that she had stolen the money].
   • confirm: They confirmed [that the flight was on time].

2. Subj + modal verb + main verb (original form) + (Rest of Sentence)

   (no “s” for third person singular)

   • Ability: can, could
   • Permission: may, might, can, could
   • Obligation: must, should, ought to
   • Probability: will, would, should
   • Possibility: may, might, could

   Examples:

   • She can speak three languages. (Ability)
   • You may borrow my book. (Permission)
   • They must leave now. (Obligation)
   • It will probably rain tomorrow. (Probability)
   • He might come to the party. (Possibility)
   • I could help you with your homework. (Offer)
   • Would you like some tea? (Polite request)
   • We should study for the test. (Recommendation)
   • You ought to apologize for your mistake. (Advice)

3. Adverbial Phrase(Prepositional Phrase, Infinitive Phrase..etc), [Your Sentence]

   Prepositional Phrases

   Under the bridge, the trolls lived in their gloomy cave.
   After the storm, the air was fresh and clean.
   With a smile, she accepted the award.
   During the summer, we like to go swimming in the lake.
   Across the street, the bakery was filled with delicious smells.

   Infinitive Phrases

   Gerund phrases

4. Subject + Auxiliary Verb + Main Verb

5. Adverbial Clause

   read more

   Subject (主语) + verb (动词) + (optional可用/可不用: object 宾语) + (subordinating conjunction 从属连词) + clause(主语 + 动词)

   Modifies the verb:

   A winner [practices] [until they feel tired].
   subj – A winner verb – practices adverb clause – until they (s) feel (v) tired

   I [became] an adult [when my wife gave birth].
   subj – I verb – became adverb clause – when my wife (s) gave (v) birth

   I will [work] [until I become rich].
   subj – I verb – will work adverb clause – until I(s) become (v) rich

   I’ll [come] [after I finish breakfast].
   subj – I’ll verb – come adverb clause – after I (s) finish (v) breakfast

   I [studied] [before I ate dinner].
   subj – I verb – studied adverb clause – before I (s) ate (v) dinner

   You [push] the button [if anyone moves].
   subj – You verb – push adverb clause – if anyone(s) moves(v)

   如果 subordinating conjunction 先开始的话，要用逗号:
   (subordinating conjunction 从属连词) + clause(主语 + 动词), Subject (主语) + verb (动词) + (optional可用/可不用: object 宾语).

   When my wife gave birth, I [became] an adult .

   [Before I ate dinner], I [studied].

   [If anyone moves], you [push] the button.

   [Since I want to be champion], I will [work] hard.

   [When the train stopped], the people [got] on.

   [When the bell rang], the students [rushed] out of the classroom.

   Modifies the Adjective:

   adjective + (subordinating conjunction 从属连词) + clause(主语 + 动词)

   The water was so [cold] that my teeth started chattering.

   She was so [tired] that she fell asleep on the couch.

   She was more [excited] than I had ever seen her.

   The cake was as [delicious] as she had promised.

   Modifies the Adverb:

   adverb + (subordinating conjunction 从属连词) + clause(主语 + 动词)

   She spoke so [softly] that I could barely hear her.

   He drives more [carefully] when it’s raining

   They arrived [earlier] than we expected.

   She sings more [beautifully] when she’s on stage.

6. Perceived action

   Subj + Verb of perception + object + bare infinitive

   Focus on the observed action: The bare infinitive emphasizes the action itself, not the time it happened. It’s like a snapshot of what the person saw.

   “I saw him leave” means you witnessed the act of him leaving. It’s not about when he left, but that you saw it happen.

   • She heard the bird sing. (Not “sang”)
   • They watched the children play. (Not “played”)
   • I felt the ground shake. (Not “shook”)

The main modal verbs are “can,” “could,” “may,” “might,” “shall,” “should,” “will,” “would,” and “must.” Modal verbs refers to “modality”, which is possibility, ability, permission, obligation, and condition.

Present Modal Verbs

Subject + Modal Verb + Base Form of Main Verb + (complements/phrases)

Unlike a normal verb, a modal verb does not change. In other words, a modal verb does not conjugate, have participle forms, or have an infinitive form. For example:

play/plays playing/played [to play]
can X X

Modal Verbs Showing Possibility

“can,” “could,” “may,” or “might” + [base form]

Alan can play football against St. Joseph’s.

Alan could play against St. Joseph’s because he cancell[ed] his holiday.
(Note that “could” is the past-tense version of “can.”)
We use could because of the word cancelled. Its past tense so the possibility takes in past tense..hence ‘could’.

People may hear your words, but they feel your attitude.
(This means “people will likely hear your words.”)

You might be wrong.
(This means “maybe you are wrong.”)

Modal Verbs Showing Ability

“can” or “could” + [base form]

John can speak German.
(“Can” is most commonly used to show ability. This means “John is able to speak German.”)

John [could] speak French when he [was] a boy.
(Note that “could” is the past-tense version of “can.” This means “John was able to speak French.”) We’re talking past tense there because of [was], hence the possibility ‘can’ must be in past tense, hence ‘could’.

Modal Verbs Showing Permission

“can” or “may” + [base form]

You can swim in the lake.
(“Can” is also used to express permission.)

You may swim in the lake.
(“May” is more polite than “can” when expressing permission.)

Modal Verbs Showing Obligation

“shall,” “should,” or “must” + [base form]

We shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be.
(Shall means “expressing a strong assertion”, so “We have no option but to defend our island.”)

The aim of argument should be progress not victory.

(This means “It is right if the aim of argument is progress.”)

You must do the things you think you cannot do.
(This means “It is right to do the things you think you cannot do.”)

Modal Verbs Showing Condition

“would” + [base form]
The word “happy” would lose its meaning if it were not balanced by sadness. correct tick (Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung)
(Sadness is needed for “happy” to exist. It is a condition.)

Past modal verbs

Subject + modal verb + have + past participle + (complements/phrases)

The format below is another common way of using modal verbs:
[modal verb] + “have” + [past participle]
This structure is typically used for expressing modality (e.g., possibility, ability, permission, obligation, and condition) in the past tense.

Given a list of vocabulary words

Use the frameworks from this link:

Sentence Structure (v2)

and insert the vocabulary words into these frameworks.

For Example

agree (verb):

Say you want to use framework 2

You’d write:
I (s) agree (v) with (p) you(obj). (2)

Say you want to use framework 5

You’d write:
I (s) agree(v) wholeheartedly (adv). (5)

Say you want to use framework 6

You’d write:
I (s) want (v) [to agree] (obj). (6)

But vs Yet