Using the Bare Infinitive

Here are the six rules for using a bare infinitive:

(1) after a modal verb

[Subj] + [modal verb] + [bare infinitive]

The most common use of a bare infinitive is after a modal verb like “can,” “could,” “may,” “might,” “shall,” “should,” “will,” “would,” and “must.”

In these examples, the modal verbs are in bold, and the bare infinitives are highlighted:

• The barracuda [can] swim extremely fast.
• You [must] believe in yourself.
• Anne [could] give the presentation on Friday.

(2) after verbs of perception

[Subj] + [verb of perception] + [direct object] + [bare infinitive]

• I [saw] Janet win.
• They [watched] the moon descend every evening.
• We [will hear] you sing on Saturday.
• Jack [felt] the spider crawl over his hand.
• She [heard] the birds sing a beautiful melody
• I [observed] the students solve the complex equation
• She [sensed] the mood shift in the room.

(3) after the verb “help”

[Subj] + “help” + [bare infinitive]
or
[Subj] + “help” + [direct object] + [bare infinitive]

The verb “to help” is often followed by a bare infinitive. Sometimes, there is a direct object involved. In these examples, any direct objects are underlined, and the bare infinitives are highlighted:

• Simon helped catch the rabbit.
• Simon helped me catch the rabbit.
• She helps wash the dishes.
• She helps her mother wash the dishes.

(4) after the verb “make”

[Subj] + “make” + [direct object] + [bare infinitive]

The verb “to make” is often followed by a bare infinitive. With this sentence structure, “make” means “cause” or “force.” There is always a direct object involved. In these examples, any direct objects are underlined, and the bare infinitives are highlighted:

• Their story [made] me cry.
• The police always [make] the burglars apologize.
• She [will make] you pay for your mistakes.

(5) after the verb “let”

[Subj] + “let” + [direct object] + [bare infinitive]

The verb “to let” is often followed by a bare infinitive. With this sentence structure, “let” means “allow.” There is always a direct object involved. In these examples, any direct objects are underlined, and the bare infinitives are highlighted:

• They [let] Anne ride the ostrich.
• The judge [lets] the suspect speak.
• Tony [will let] you take a holiday.

(6) after “had better” and “would rather”

[Subj] +
“had better”
or
“would rather”
+ [bare infinitive]

Expressions like “had better” and “would rather,” which are used for a recommendation or preference, are also followed by a bare infinitive.

We had better leave soon.
(“Had better” is similar to “should,” which also takes a bare infinitive.)
She would rather talk to you tomorrow.
(“Would rather” is similar to “prefer,” which takes a full infinitive.)

https://www.scribbr.com/verbs/subjunctive-mood/

The subjunctive mood is a verb form used to refer to a hypothetical scenario or to express a wish, suggestion, or command.

The subjunctive is one of three grammatical moods in English, along with the indicative mood and the imperative mood.

There are two types of subjunctive verb forms:

– Verbs in the present subjunctive take the infinitive form (e.g., “be”).
ex: He saw [a person put bread] on the table.

– while verbs in the past subjunctive are identical to their simple past forms (e.g., “ran”).
ex: I wish [I had rich parents].

The present subjunctive

The present subjunctive is typically used to refer to future actions or situations. Sentences in the present subjunctive mood have two clauses:

A main clause that contains either an indicative verb (e.g., “Kahn recommended”) or a phrase that starts with “it is” and contains an adjective (e.g., “It is important”)

A subordinate clause in the subjunctive mood (usually beginning with the conjunction “that”)
Verbs in the present subjunctive do not follow subject-verb agreement. Instead, they take the infinitive form for all persons (e.g., “be,” “eat,” “sing”).

Examples:

• The doctor suggested that she rest.
• I propose that we take a short break.
• It is advisable that the CEO resign.
• It’s vital that we not miss our flight.
• The artist asks that you not touch the paintings.

The past subjunctive

The past subjunctive is typically used to refer to past or present actions or situations. Sentences in the past subjunctive mood contain two clauses:

A main clause in the indicative mood (often containing the verb “wish”)

A subordinate clause in the subjunctive mood (usually beginning with “that,” “if” or “as if”).

The past subjunctive form of the verb “be” is “were,” regardless of the subject (e.g., “I were,” “he were,” “she were”). All other verbs in the past subjunctive form are identical to their simple past tense forms (e.g., “I won”).

Examples:

• Karla acts as if she were famous.
• I wish I lived in New York.

When the past subjunctive form is used in an “if” clause, the main clause usually contains a modal verb (normally “would,” but sometimes “should,” “might,” or “could”).

quantifier phrase

Quantifiers: Words like “every,” “some,” “many,” “few,” “each,” etc., are quantifiers. They tell us about the amount or quantity of something.

“Every” modifies “month”: In the phrase “every month,” the quantifier “every” modifies the noun “month.” It specifies the quantity—every single month.

Function as a unit: This quantifier + noun combination acts together as a single unit to modify the verb in the sentence.

Think of it this way:

Quantifier phrase: every month, some days, many people, few cars

Adverbial function: These phrases often function as adverbs, telling us how often, how many, etc.

So, the “format” of “every month” is a quantifier phrase that functions adverbially.

Prepositional phrases have a core structure:

They must have a preposition followed by a noun or pronoun that acts as the object of the preposition. This creates a unit that modifies another part of the sentence.

Examples:  

on the table
with a smile
under the bridge  

“In fact” doesn’t follow this:

“Fact” is not the object of the preposition “in” in this case.

Instead, “in fact” functions as a single unit with an adverbial meaning. It’s similar to these adverbs:  

actually
truly
indeed

How it acts in a sentence: “In fact” modifies the whole sentence or the verb, adding emphasis.

It doesn’t describe a relationship between a noun and another part of the sentence like a prepositional phrase does.

In “in fact,” the word “in” has lost its usual prepositional role and become part of a fixed adverbial expression.  

Example: “In fact, the evidence supports a different conclusion.” (Here, it emphasizes the truth of the evidence)

Think of it like this: Some words that look like prepositions can function as different parts of speech depending on their context.

The wise old owl, Athena, perched atop the tallest oak in the forest, observing the commotion below. The squirrels were in a frenzy, their chatter echoing through the trees. A rumor had spread like wildfire: a monstrous beast with glowing eyes and razor-sharp claws was lurking in the shadows, ready to devour any creature it encountered.

Panic gripped the forest. The deer huddled together, their eyes wide with fear. The rabbits scurried into their burrows, refusing to emerge. Even the mighty bears trembled in their dens.

Athena, known for her wisdom and calm demeanor, hooted softly, calling the animals to gather beneath her tree. “Fear,” she began, her voice resonating with authority, “is a powerful force. It can paralyze us, blind us to reason, and make us vulnerable to our own anxieties.”

She spread her wings, their span casting a comforting shadow over the trembling creatures. “I have lived in this forest for many seasons,” she continued, “and I have seen fear grip this community before. But I have also seen courage, resilience, and the power of logic prevail.”

Athena then addressed the rumor directly. “This beast you fear,” she said, “has anyone actually seen it? Has anyone witnessed its ferocity firsthand?”

Silence met her question. The animals exchanged uneasy glances, their fear palpable.

“Fear,” Athena continued, “thrives on the unknown. It feeds on whispers and shadows. But logic demands evidence. It requires us to seek truth, not succumb to unfounded anxieties.”

She then proposed a plan. A small group of brave animals, representing different species, would venture into the forest, searching for any sign of the rumored beast. They would gather evidence, observe any unusual tracks or disturbances, and report back to the community.

The animals, inspired by Athena’s wisdom and courage, agreed. The fear hadn’t vanished entirely, but a glimmer of hope had emerged. They would face the unknown, not with blind panic, but with reason and collective strength.

Theme: The importance of overcoming fear with reason and courage.

Ethos (credibility):

Athena, the wise old owl, establishes ethos through her age, experience, and reputation for wisdom. The animals trust her judgment and guidance.
Her calm demeanor and authoritative voice further reinforce her credibility, making her words more persuasive.

Pathos (emotion):

The story evokes emotions of fear and anxiety by describing the animals’ panic and the rumors of a terrifying beast. This creates a sense of urgency and draws the reader into the narrative.
Athena acknowledges the fear but also appeals to the animals’ courage and resilience, inspiring them to overcome their anxieties.

Logos (logic):

Athena emphasizes the importance of evidence and reason in overcoming fear. She encourages the animals to seek truth and not be swayed by unfounded rumors.
The plan to investigate the rumors logically, gather evidence, and analyze the situation demonstrates the power of reason in facing the unknown.
This fable uses ethos, pathos, and logos to convey a powerful message about the importance of facing fears with a balanced approach, combining emotional resilience with logical thinking.

A reply to the West on why China decided to go its own way:

You did keep their economy going

Yet they also kept your economy going much more than you did

They produced a Fifteen Dollar Chair that you sold in your retail outlets for Fifty Five Dollars

Your Retailers made Eighteen Bucks

Your Distributors made Ten Bucks

Your Importer made Twelve Bucks

Your Taxman made Three Fifty

The Chinese Factory made Four Bucks!!!

You guys made more than Forty Bucks out the Transaction

It’s why you loved China and the Chinese

They were your tame Coolies

Rather than make something for Forty Five Bucks in Cleveland or Gary and sell them for Sixty Five Bucks with a barely Six Dollar Margin – You decided to move to China and increase your profits

You were happy because you made profits

Your Citizens were happy because they got good stuff at affordable prices

It was basically another form of Colonialism that you called “Opportunities”

When any Nation demanded more than Four Bucks for that Chair – you called them Socialist and claimed they had Labor Problems

You loved it when they paid $ 4.50 for a product that cost you Ninety Cents to create

They had a Billion People

You loved it when they guzzled your food at 500% markup or when they paid you 250% profits for your branded products that THEY MADE AT A SEVENTH THE PRICE IT WOULD HAVE COST YOU STATESIDE

They were your buddies after all

You flooded your brands and IP and made them pay through their nose

And you loved them for it

Then they changed

They started selling their own products in their markets that were better than your products and at a third the price

They made their own products with their own IPs and no longer paid through the nose

They started bringing their own brands to compete with yours and share the gravy but at a much fairer or competitive price

So while you happily sold your brands in their country and earned 250% profit, you refuse to sell their brands in your country and give them 50% Profit

You sold, flooded your cars in their country making Eighty Five Dollars for every Hundred and giving them a paltry Fifteen Dollars for making those cars citing IP and Proprietary Fees and Brand Payments

Now when they do a tenth of that, to make a larger share in the sale of their cars in your country, you refuse to do that and scream “Subsidies”, “ State Sponsored”, “National Security”

And Taiwan?

You boldly weaponize Taiwan and foster separatism

Yet if China supplied 10 D Grade Rockets to Lebanon to defend themselves, you would scream and bring the entire world down

Now you are Scared!!

They will buy their own products now

They will buy their own brands

They will buy your brands of course BUT AT A FAIR PRICE and not just for the Brand

And they will compete with you in every Global market where you cannot use excuses to keep them out

So with all this in mind

Tell me exactly HOW THE CHINESE ARE AGAINST THE WEST?

It’s looks to be the case where you took advantage of a country and now are pissed off because the country has learned and is competing with you and doing better isn’t it?

When we put styles in a html tag, it’s called inline styles

We give a div with class row a padding of 10px.

If you look at the white blank space on the side of the lettering “Side” there is 10px of white blank space.

Notice in the same div, we add a

Then

When we add styles in the head section, its called internal CSS:

But because we have inline styling, the inline style (with the padding 10px) wins (1,1,0,0 points)

It always has precedence.

Let’s try it with an ID and a element plus a class

As you can see, since ID has precedence over tag and class, the div’s text color will use the Id’s CSS, and not the element + class.

Dependent clauses, also known as subordinate clauses,

are groups of words that contain a subject and a verb but cannot stand alone as a complete sentence.

They depend on an independent clause to form a complete thought.

Here are the three main types of dependent clauses:

Noun Clauses

ref – https://7esl.com/noun-clause

Function: Act as nouns within a sentence. They can be subjects, objects, or complements.
Begin with:

Relative pronouns (who, that, whom, whose, which)
Compound pronouns (whoever, whomever…etc)

Noun clauses often ALSO start with “wh”-words such as (what, which, when, where, whether, and why)

Examples:

What he said made everyone laugh. (subject)
She doesn’t know where they went. (direct object)
We fight when there are enemies. (object)

This is [what is boils down to].
I ran [when I saw the police].
Money is [why we don’t go on vacation].

Whoever said that was mistaken. (subject)
I wonder what she is thinking. (object)
The truth is that I was scared. (complement)
Whether she will come is still uncertain. (subject)

Noun clauses can also start with if to indicate a choice or condition. These clauses are typically used as subjects or direct objects.

For example:

He needs to decide if he should accept the offer. (direct object)

Relative (Adjective) Clauses

Function: Modify nouns or pronouns, providing more information about them.

Begin with: Relative pronouns (who, whom, whose, which, that)

Examples:

My mother, [whose last name is Ma], loves horses.

The cake, [which was decorated with fresh flowers], was delicious.

[The book that I borrowed] is overdue.
describes book.

[The woman who lives next door] is a doctor.
describes woman.

Begins with (where, when, why)

I am [the reason why she left].

[That time when we ate ten pizzas] was crazy.

[The place where my wife gave birth] is still there.
This is the [place where I was born].

[The book that I borrowed from the library] is overdue.

Adverb Clauses (Adverbial Clause)

ref –

• What are subordinate conjunctions?
• In detail, What are adverbial clauses?

Function: Modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They answer questions like how, why, when, where, to what extent.
Begin with:
Subordinating conjunctions (because, since, although, if, when, while, before, after, as…etc)

Say we have a sentence:

Mao became the leader of China

And another sentence that explains the above:

He (subj) consolidated (verb) power (obj) in 1902 (obj compl).

We need to add a subordinate clause to explain “how” of the verb became

If we add the subordinate conjunction after it becomes:

After he consolidated power in 1902

A subordinate clause needs a main clause.

After he consolidated power in 1941, Mao [became] the leader of China.

This type of subordinate clause is known as adverbial, because it explains the [how/why] for verb in the main clause.

Examples:

Because it was raining, we stayed inside. （modifies sentence ‘we stayed inside’)
He is taller than his brother is. (modifies adjective ‘taller’)
She sings whenever she feels happy. (modifies verb ‘sings’)

A best friend is a very important person in our lives.

A best friend = subject
is = linking verb
a very important person = subj compl: noun
[3]

in our lives = prep phrase

Best friends are one of life’s treasures.

Best friends = subject
are = linking verb
life’s treasures = subj compl: noun
[3]

Best Friends = subject
are = linking verb
one of life’s treasures = subj compl: noun
[3]

A best friend is a real treasure.

Kennedy and Chris know the saying well.

Kennedy and Chris = subject
know = verb
the saying = object
[1]

well = adverb.

Rose is my real friend.

Rose and I like talking.

We both love dancing and listening to music.

We = subject
love = verb
dancing = gerund (object)

We = subject
[(love dancing = predicate1) and (listening to music = predicate2)]

Sometimes, Rose goes on holiday with her friends.

Sometimes = adverb at head

Rose = subject
goes = verb
[on holiday] = pre phrase
[with her friends] = prep phrase