ref – https://www.grammarly.com/blog/auxiliary-verbs/

Helping verb AKA Auxiliary verbs

are minor verbs that support the sentence’s main verb

primary auxiliary verbs

be (continuous tense):

The continuous tenses use a conjugated form of the auxiliary verb be along with the present participle (-ing form) of the main verb.

I am [work]ing in the shed.

She was [study]ing all night.

They will be [sleep]ing when you arrive.

She is (aux verb) walking (main verb) home.
It was (aux verb) raining (main verb) heavily last night.

Perfect tenses (have)

The perfect tenses use a conjugated form of the auxiliary verb have along with the past participle form of the main verb.

• They have just finished class and are getting ready for recess.
• I had forgotten about the birthday party until I saw the calendar.
• By the time you get off work, the movie will have started already.
• We have (aux verb) been (main verb) to India.
• I will have (aux verb) arrived (main verb) by then.
• I have (aux verb) played (main verb) since Basketball since middle school.
• She(subj) has (aux verb) seen (main verb) this movie before.

More examples:

They(subj) are (aux verb) coming (main verb) with us.
The criminal was (aux verb) caught (main verb) yesterday.

Perfect continuous tenses (be and have)

The perfect continuous tenses use a conjugated form of the auxiliary verb have and the past participle of the auxiliary verb be (been) along with the present participle of the main verb. (have been + verb-ing)

I have been reading Moby Dick for months now.

He had been working there for five years before he quit.

Tomorrow, we will have been dating for an entire year.

do (emphasis):

• I do (aux verb) want (main verb) dinner.
• She does (aux verb) like (main verb) dancing.
• I (subj) do (aux verb) enjoy (main verb) a good conversation.
• She did find it!

modal auxiliary verbs

Likelihood: It might (aux verb) rain (main verb) over the weekend.
Ability: She can (aux verb) run (main verb) faster than me.
Permission: You may (aux verb) swim (main verb) in the pool.
Intention: I shall (aux verb) leave (main verb) the party early.
Request: Would (aux verb) you look (main verb) after my dog?
Necessity: He must (aux verb) remember (main verb) their anniversary.

More examples:

We should (aux verb) study (main verb) for our final exam. (necessity)
They might (aux verb) give (main verb) us a discount if we ask. (Likelihood)
I have lots of money, so I can (aux verb) afford (main verb) it. (ability)
May (aux verb) I have (main verb) a drink, please? (Request)
The class will (aux verb) bring (main verb) food tomorrow for the party. (Intention)

1. Subject – Verb

   examples:

   A dog (subj) plays (verb).

   subj – We use ‘A dog’ to refer to a non-specific dog. We use ‘the dog’ to mean a specific dog. This is to clarify the subject reference.
   verb – the verb ‘play’ must have an s, because our subj is 3rd singular.

   The cat (subj) runs (verb).

   subj – We must say ‘A cat’ to refer to any, non-specific cat. We use ‘the cat’ to mean a specific cat.
   verb – the verb ‘run’ stays in base form because our subj IS NOT 3rd singular.

   People play.

   subj – ‘people’ is plural, so we use the word to represent ‘in general’.
   verb – the verb ‘play’ is in base form because subj IS NOT 3rd singular.

   Boys fight.

   subj – ‘Boys’ is plural, so we use the word to represent ‘in general’.
   verb – the verb ‘fight’ is in base form because subj IS NOT 3rd singular.

   The plane flies.
   subj – ‘plane’ is 3rd singular. We use ‘The’ plane to clarify that it is a specific plane.
   verb – the verb ‘fly’ must add ‘ies’, because our subj is 3rd singular.

   The competition begins.

   subj – competition is singular, so we use ‘the/a’ to clarify subject reference as explained above.
   verb – the verb ‘begin’ must add ‘s’ because our subject is 3rd singular.

   China grows.

   subj – China is a specific place with a name, just like a person. So it is singular.
   verb – the verb ‘grow’ must add ‘s’ because our subject is 3rd singular.

2. Subject – Verb (action) – Object

   Subject – who or what performs the action of the verb.
   Verb – expresses an action.
   Object – whoever or whatever receives that action

   Ricky plays volleyball.

   Subject – Ricky
   Verb – plays (we add ‘s’ because subj is 3rd singular)
   Object – volleyball

   My mom made spaghetti.

   Subject – My mom
   Verb – made (past tense)
   Object – spaghetti

   I eat beef.

   Subject – I
   Verb – eat (present tense: eat is ok in base form)
   Object – beef

   He rides a bike.

   Subject – He
   Verb – rides (present tense: ride + ‘s’ because subj is 3rd singular)
   Object – a bike

   The girl sits on the couch.

   Subject – The girl
   Verb – sits on (present tense: sit + ‘s’ because subj is 3rd singular)
   Object – the couch

3. Subject + verb (action) + adverbs

   examples

   I played terribly
   subj – I, verb – played, adverb – terribly

   He sang beautifully.
   subj – He, verb – sang, adverb – beautifully

   She stood motionlessly.
   subj – She, verb – stood, adverb – motionlessly

   She undressed quickly.
   subj – She, verb – undressed, adverb – quickly

   I performed remarkably.
   subj – I verb – stay adv – remarkably

   The girl shouted excitedly.
   subj – The girl verb – shouted adverb – excitedly

   She dances beautifully.
   subj – She verb – dances adverb – beautifully

   I howled triumphantly.
   subj – I verb – howled adverb – triumphantly

   We drive crazily.
   subj – We verb – drive adverb – crazily

   The soldier dies miserably.
   subj – soldier verb – dies adverb – miserably

   My cat waits impatiently.
   subj – My cat verb – waits adverb – impatiently

4. Linking verb – used to describe the subject. (non-action)

   • is/am/was/will be (singular), are/were/will be(plural)
   • appear
   • sound
   • feel
   • smell
   • become
   • look (linking and action)
   • seems

   Subject + linking verb (“is/am/are/was/were/will be”) + Subject Complement (noun or adjective)

   Ricky is a teacher.
   Subject – Ricky, linking verb – is, sub complement (noun) – teacher

   You are a monster!
   subject – You, linking verb – are, sub complement (noun) – a monster

   I am pretty.
   subject – I, linking verb – am, sub complement (adj) – pretty

   She was a boy.
   subject – She, linking verb – was, sub complement (noun) – a boy

   She will be a doctor.
   subject – She, linking verb – will be, sub complement (noun) – a doctor

   You are terrible!
   subject – You, linking verb – are, sub complement (adj) – terrible

5. Subject + linking verb (‘sense’ – look/smell/seem/become) + subj complement (noun/adjective)

   linking verb
   object

   • The family hears a burglar.
   • I smell trouble.
   • The world becomes a desert.

6. Subject + verb + adverb + adjective

   She snores too loud.
   subj – She, verb – snores, adverb – too, adjective – loud

   I am really tired.
   subj – I, verb – am, adverb – really, adjective – tired

   She is really pretty.
   subj – She, verb – is, adverb – really, adjective – pretty

   Xiao Fei is very tall.
   subj – Xiao Fei, verb – is, adverb – very, adjective – tall

   The show is really exciting.
   subj – The show, verb – is, adverb – really, adjective – exciting

   The lake is quite beautiful.
   subj – lake, verb – is, adverb – quite, adjective – beautiful

   My dog is incredibly happy.
   subj – dog, verb – is, adverb – incredibly, adjective – happy

   We will be slightly late.
   subj – We, verb – will, be adverb – slightly, adjective – late

7. Subject + helping verb + main verb + object

   helping verb
   main verb

   Present Perfect – Subj + [have/has (helping verb)] + Past Participle (main verb)

   I have eaten squid.
   The turtle has eaten bugs since he was little.
   My friend has bought a new car.
   I have lived in LA for most of my life.

   Present Continuous – Subj + to be [am, is, are] + present participle (main verb)

   helping verb
   main verb

   I am playing video games.
   Ricky is correcting homework.
   My mom is cooking dinner.
   We are fixing the car.

   Can – ability

   I can speak three languages.
   I can play three sports.
   She can juggle.

8. Subject + listed stative ’emotion’ feelings verb + (infinitive as object) + object complement

   stative feeling verb – hate, like, love, want, hope, prefer, wish, hope, desire, need
   stative thought verb – agree, remember, forget

   Other verbs to use with infinitives:

   agree: She agreed [to give].
   ask*: I asked him [to leave].
   decide: We decided [to go].
   help*: He helped [to clean].
   plan: She plans [to ]
   hope: I hope [to pass].
   learn: They learn how [to sing].
   want*: I want [to come].
   promise: I promise [to go].

   Note most stative ’emotion’ verbs work, but not all:

   I need [to know]. √
   I desire [to win]. √
   I love [to play]. √
   I like [to know]. √
   I hate [to go]. √
   I adore [to …] (X)
   I prefer [to eat]. √
   We care [to …] (X)
   I mind [to …] (X)
   I want [to be]. √
   I appreciate [to…] (X)
   I need [to eat]. √
   I wish [to donate]. √
   I hope [to win]. √
   I value [to…] (X)

   I forgot [to clean].
   subj – I, verb – forgot, object – to clean

   I will remember [to fight]
   subj – I, verb – remember, object – to fight

   Let’s agree [to disagree].
   subj – Let’s, verb – agree, object – to disagree.

   Let’s agree [to work].
   subj – Let’s, verb – agree, object – to work object

   I desire [to win].
   subj – I, verb – desire, object – to win.

   I prefer [to be].
   subj – I, verb – prefer, object – to be

   I want [to play].

   subj – I, verb – want, object – to play

   She wants [to eat].

   subj – She, verb – want, object – to eat

   I hope [to win].

   subj – I, verb – hope, object – to win

   The elders need [to rest].

   subj – elders, verb – need, object – to rest

9. Subject + helping verb + adjective + (infinitive as object) + object complement

   I am reluctant(adj) [to quit].

   subject – I
   helping verb – am
   adj – reluctant,
   infinitive (acting as object) – to quit

   They are happy (adj) [to live].

   subject – We
   helping verb – are
   adj – happy
   infinitive (acting as object) – to live

   I am unable (adj) [to help].

   subject – I
   helping verb – am
   adj – unable
   infinitive (acting as object) – to help

10. Subject + [am/have/has/is] + (object) + [infinitive as adjective]

    She is the girl (obj) [to marry].
    subject – She, verb – is, obj – girl,
    infinitive (acting as adjective to describe ‘girl’. ) – to marry

    English 101 is the class (obj) [to take].
    subject – English 101, verb – is, obj – class,
    infinitive (acting as adjective to describe ‘class’. ) – to take

    He has a joke (obj) [to tell].
    subject – He, verb – has, obj – joke,
    infinitive (acting as adjective to describe ‘joke’. ) – to tell

    We have a job (obj) [to do].

    subject – We, verb – have, obj – a job,
    infinitive (acting as adjective to describe ‘job’. ) – to do

    I have a wedding (obj) [to attend].

    subject – I, verb – have, obj – a wedding,
    infinitive (acting as adjective to describe ‘wedding’) – to attend

    That is the team(obj) to beat.
    subject – That, verb – is, obj – team,
    infinitive (acting as adjective to describe ‘team’) – to beat

11. Subject + (action verb) + object + [infinitive as adverb] + complement

    Do the ‘in order’ test.

    I (earn) money [to live].

    test: I earn money ‘in order’ [to live]. √

    I (bought) a book [to read].

    test: I bought a book ‘in order’ [to read]. √

    I (ordered) a burger [to eat].

    test: I ordered a burger ‘in order’ to eat. √

corrections

blah blah

ref – https://www.grammarly.com/blog/object-complement/

object complement – An object complement is a word or group of words that describes or renames the direct object of the verb in a way that is essential to complete the meaning of the sentence.

Here are a few more sentences that show the subject + verb + direct object + object complement syntax:

I (subj) find (verb) the food (direct object) [at that restaurant inconsistent in quality].

Paz’s face (subj) turned (verb) the color of a tomato(dir object) [when she realized her mistake].

I(sub) now pronounce(verb) you(direct obj) [married].

The kids (subj) all got(verb) their ears (dir obj) [pierced on the same day].

Adam’s sore ankle(subj) made(verb) his subway commute(dir obj) [an ordeal].

Object complements vs. predicate adverbs

The third kind of direct object sentence to look out for follows this pattern: subject + verb + direct object + adverb.

Muaz (subj) composes (verb) his photography (dir obj) beautifully (adverb).
Muaz (subj) develops (verb) his photography (dir obj) [in a darkroom] (adverb phrase).

These sentences are still about Muaz and his photography, but the presence of an adverb or adverb phrase in the predicate (beautifully), in a darkroom — tells us that now we’re talking about how and where Muaz carries out the actions that go into the creation of his photography, rather than how he defines it.

Adverbs modify verbs (beautifully — modifies –> composes)

object complements describe or name direct objects. (‘in a dark room’ — describe –> photography)

Object complements vs. indirect objects

Another common sentence pattern is subject + verb + indirect object + direct object. Here’s an example:

Muaz (subj) showed (verb) us (indirect obj) his photography (direct obj).

Muaz is the subject,
showed is the verb,
and photography is the direct object.

The indirect object — the recipient of the direct object by way of the action of the verb — is the pronoun us.

Now compare that to this sentence using an object complement:

Muaz (subj) considers (verb) photography (direct obj) [his main art form] (noun phrase).

Here, the subject (Muaz)
and the direct object (photography) haven’t changed,
but the verb considers
and the noun phrase his main art form, clue us in that this is about rounding out our understanding of what Muaz’s photography is rather than describing how he shares it with others.

An indirect object typically receives a direct object, while an object complement describes or names it.

Indirect Object

Indirect objects are a grammatical component in English that typically receive the direct object of a verb. In simpler terms, the indirect object indicates to whom or for whom the action of the verb is performed. It often answers the questions “to whom?” or “for whom?” regarding the direct object.

Structure:

A sentence with an indirect object generally includes a subject, a verb, a direct object, and the indirect object. The typical order is: Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object.
Key Points:

Not always necessary: Not all verbs require an indirect object.
Positioning: The indirect object can appear between the verb and the direct object, or it can follow a preposition like “to” or “for”.

Directly following the verb:

Example: “She gave her friend a gift.”

Subject: She
Verb: gave
Indirect Object: her friend (to whom she gave the gift)
Direct Object: a gift (what she gave)

Using a preposition:

Example: “She gave a gift to her friend.”
Here, “to her friend” serves as a prepositional phrase indicating the indirect object.
The structure changes since the indirect object now follows the direct object.

Another Example: “I made my brother a sandwich.”

Subject: I
Verb: made
Indirect Object: my brother (to whom I made the sandwich)
Direct Object: a sandwich (what I made)

Using a preposition: “I made a sandwich for my brother.”

The meaning remains the same, with “for my brother” indicating to whom the sandwich was made.

More Examples

“The teacher taught the students a lesson.”

Indirect Object: the students
Direct Object: a lesson
“They sent their grandparents a postcard.”

Indirect Object: their grandparents
Direct Object: a postcard
“He told her a story.”

Indirect Object: her
Direct Object: a story

Summary

In summary, indirect objects in English sentences help clarify to whom the action is directed. While they can be positioned immediately after the verb or introduced by prepositions like “to” or “for,” understanding their role can enhance clarity in communication.

Using infinitives with Indirect objects

Infinitives can be used with indirect objects in sentences where the infinitive acts as the main verb, and the indirect object typically receives the action of the verb. Here are three examples:

I want him to help me.

In this sentence, “to help” is the infinitive. The indirect object “him” is the one receiving the action of the helping.
She asked them to join the meeting.

Here, “to join” is the infinitive. The indirect object “them” is the group being asked to join the meeting.
We told her to call us.

In this example, “to call” is the infinitive. The indirect object “her” refers to the person being told to make the call.
In each of these examples, the structure presents an infinitive that involves an indirect object receiving the action implied by the infinitive.

Gerunds + Indirect Objects

Gerunds can function as nouns in sentences and can take direct and indirect objects. When a gerund is used with an indirect object, it usually indicates to whom or for whom the action of the gerund is done.

I gave my friend a chance (to practice singing).

Here, “practicing singing” is a gerund phrase, and “my friend” is the indirect object receiving the “chance.”
She offered her brother a chance (to cook dinner).

Here, “playing games” is a gerund phrase, and “their children” is the indirect object that benefits from the “more time.”
In these examples, the gerunds are functioning as nouns that describe the action given or offered related to the indirect object.

Prepositional Phrase + Indirect objects

Sure! Here are five examples of sentences that contain indirect objects used with prepositional phrases:

She gave the book to her friend.

(Indirect object: her friend; prepositional phrase: to her friend)
The teacher explained the lesson to the students.

(Indirect object: the students; prepositional phrase: to the students)
He sent a letter to his parents.

(Indirect object: his parents; prepositional phrase: to his parents)
They offered help to the neighbors.

(Indirect object: the neighbors; prepositional phrase: to the neighbors)
I made a cake for my sister.

(Indirect object: my sister; prepositional phrase: for my sister)
In each of these examples, the indirect object is receiving the action of the verb, while the prepositional phrase provides additional information about the recipient.

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A turtle lives in the forest. His name is Ted. √

A rabbit also live in the forest.

rabbit is 3rd singular, verb must use s. live –> lives

A rabbit also lives in the forest
or
A rabbit named Judy lives in the same forest.

His name is Judy.

Judy is a female name, so we must use pronoun “Her”

Her name is Judy.

Judy thinks he run fast.

Judy thinks she runs fast.
or
Judy believes she runs really fast.
or
Judy believes she is the fastest runner in the forest.
or
Judy is confident that she is the fastest animal around.

He say to ted. Let us run and to see who is the winner.

Remember that say is a verb. He is a 3rd singular, which means our verb ‘say’ must add an ‘s’.
and ‘to’ see – the ‘to infinitive’ is used incorrectly here. Please review ‘to infinitive’.

One day, she challenges Ted to a race.
Judy shouts, “Hey Ted! Let’s race to see who is the fastest!”.

Ted agree with him.

Again, 3rd singular must add ‘s’ to the verb.
Also let’s use adverbs to put more meaning to our sentences.

Ted reluctantly agrees.

At beginning Judy run very fast.

‘At preposition’ is used for places.
If you want to say during when the race begins, you should say “In the beginning”.

In the beginning, Judy runs very fast.
or
On a sunny day, all the animals gather around the start line and the race begins. Judy zooms off into the distance.

Ted runs slow.

This look an elementary student wrote it.

Unfortunately, Ted moves step by step and is really slow.

Judy back to see Ted .

This is NOT how you use the verb ‘back’. Please review verb ‘back’.

Judy turns her head and notices that Ted is nowhere to be seen.

He is very happy and prond of himself.

Be aware of your spelling.

As a result, she is happy and proud of herself.

He thinks Ted will not catch up him .

Please review “prepositional ‘to'”
Please review “be able to” and its usage.

She thinks Ted will not be able to catch up to him.
or
There is no way Ted will catch up.

So he slept a while .

Remember, we are using present tense only. No past tense please.

So she decides to take a nap

But Ted still keeps running .

We do not need extra preposition ‘still’.

But Ted keeps running.
or
Ted persists and keeps moving.
or
Ted perseveres and inches forward.

Finally Ted catch up Judy .
Finally, Ted catches up to Judy and sees her napping by a tree.

Become the winner .
Run on sentence. Also please do not have any space(s) between the last letter and the period.

Ted crosses the finish line and wins the race.

This story tells us. We can not look down other people.

Please review period (.) It means to end the sentence.

This story teaches us that we cannot overestimate others.
or
This fable instills humbleness and perseverance.

If we insist on and make the effort .we will be successful

If we insist on hard work and persistence, we will be successful.

There are eight parts of speech in the English language:

• nouns
• pronouns
• verbs
• adverbs
• adjectives
• prepositions
• conjunctions
• interjections

The thing about these eight parts of speech in English is that they contain smaller categories of types of words and phrases in the English language. Articles are considered a type of determiner, which is a type of adjective.

ref – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YzTWKenM5P0

In your root directory of your project, Click on the debug button in the navigation bar.

Click create a .vscode/launch.json file

Remove what’s currently in the file.

Go to Next JS’s docs, and copy the launch.js file contents from it.

https://nextjs.org/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/debugging

Now, in your root directory it should looks like this:

.vscode/launch.json

Make sure you click on the debug icon and then select “debug full stack”, which is the 3rd option you put in your launch.json

Running the Project

For CLIENT SIDE, Keep in mind that your package.json stays the same:

Client side debugging

Server Side

Make sure you click the debug icon on the side bar, then click the play button:

Specifically, like this:

You can use debugger keyword for a breakpoint.

Or you can put standard breakpoints.

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