ref – https://prowritingaid.com/infinitive-phrase

An infinitive phrase begins with the infinitive verb, usually with the word “to” in front. Here are a few examples of infinitive phrases:

Peter loved [to play guitar].

infinitive verb – to play
obj (noun) – guitar

the infinitive “to play” is paired with a direct object: “guitar.” Together, these make an infinitive phrase.

I told the kids [to dress quickly].

infinitive verb – to dress
adverb – quickly

An adverb (“quickly”) modifies the infinitive “to dress.”

Why do we use infinitive phrases? Infinitive phrases can add information or description to your sentences. They can strengthen your verbs and make your sentences clearer.

When an infinitive phrase functions as a noun, it can be a subject, an object, or a complement.

Here are some examples.

To win the tournament was our only goal.

Functions as subject:

infinitive verb – to win
complement – the tournament

To know genuine love is the greatest achievement in life.

Functions as subject:
infinitive verb – to know
modifier – genuine
complement – love

We want to buy an electric car.

Functions as direct object:

infinitive verb – to buy
modifier – an electric
complement – car

My only responsibility was to cook dinner every Sunday.

Functions as subject complement:

infinitive verb – to cook
complement – dinner
adverb – every Sunday

Infinitive phrases can also act as adjectives.

An adjective describes or modifies a noun. Let’s see what this looks like.

I’m bringing (verb) some candy (obj) to eat on the plane.

infinitive verb – to eat (describes candy)
noun – on the plane

Some days, I have the urge to quit my job.

infinitive verb – to quit (describes noun ‘urge’)
noun – my job

infinitive phrases can act like adverbs and modify a verb.

Usually, when an infinitive phrase is functioning as an adverb, it explains the why of the verb.

Here are some examples.

He bought flowers to apologize to his girlfriend.

infinitive verb – to apologize
modifiers – to his
complement – girlfriend

We went to the concert to see our favorite band.

infinitive verb – to see
modifiers – our favorite
complement – band

More Examples

as objects

as adjectives

as adverb

Infinitive phrases can have split infinitives.

Each of the infinitive phrase examples below features a split infinitive:

I need you to quickly respond to this email.
We need to greatly reduce our spending next month.
The presentation needs to succinctly explain our metrics and goals.
Split infinitives aren’t bad and they can make your infinitive phrases clearer. Try to avoid them in technical writing, but they are acceptable in less formal situations.

Do Infinitive Phrases Always Start with “To”?
Looking for “to” is an easy way to identify an infinitive phrase, but sometimes it’s not there! A bare infinitive is an infinitive without “to.” It appears after certain special verbs.

Little Red and the Wolf

Red is a cute, stupid，and naive girl. She has big round ears and her eyes are like stars. They shine brightly in the enchanting forest night. She has never learned anything useful until now because her mother spoils her. Her mother is always encouraging. She lives happily in an enormous forest. The forest’s towering trees are like huge umbrellas, and they cover miles upon miles of land. She has never left the forest.

The trip is exhausting for Red, but she is encouraged by her mom to deliver food and visit her grandmother. In her old age and frailty, she contracted COVID-19，Ebola, smallpox, cholera, HIV, and SARS all at the same time. However, she is extremely vigorous, so her body has been fighting these deadly diseases for a while now.

In the depths of the forest, a pair of ferocious eyes stare hungrily at Red. A wolf arrives ominously. He is starving and his slobber is a long river. He has eaten human flesh since he was only six month old. His habit for human flesh is incurable. He absolutely loves it because it reminds him of his youth.

After a while, he sees Red enter a dilapidated wooden house. She soon leaves again. He decides to wait in the wooden house so he can surprise her when she returns. He slowly opens the window, and crawls inside. He lands on the living room floor with a thud. The wolf sees a senile woman lying helplessly on a bed. The bed was old and looks like it’s going to collapse any minute. He can’t resist the wonderful taste of human flesh, so he voaciously swallows the grandmother, and spits out her clothes. After that, he wears grandmother’s cloth and pretends he is the grandmother.

When Red finally returns, the wolf quickly jumps out of bed. The wolf opens his frightening mouth really wide and swallows her in one bite. Then, he lies on the bed, and pats his big belly. All of a sudden, his stomach twists. He feels Red and her grandmother jumping from his stomach, and climbing up his esophogus. Then,they squeeze out of his throut, and the wolf regurgitates Red and her grandmother onto the living room floor.

The wolf sits there, tired from the vomiting. The wolf is exhausted. He realizes human flesh is not tasty anymore, and he can’t smell the aroma of the flesh. He feels tears running down his cheeks. He subconsciously wipes his tears away, but he realizes that it is not tears, his hand has been stained with blood. His arm becomes riddled with small bumps. His vision starts to become blurry, until it becomes dark. His heart starts to beat 200 times per minute and feels like a time bomb. He feels his chest has been pressed by a heavy rock. The wolf is frightened by his symptom. In a turn of event, he dies painfully on the ground.

Grandmother feels much stronger than before. She sniffs the sweet air. She realizes she is standing. Her diseases have magically cured. She never feels headache anymore, and she never haemorrhage. Even better, she can breath normally. She finally escapes from the devil’s hand. She feels invincible again. She slowly turns to Red and asks:”How about wolf steak for dinner?”.

Three Little Pigs

1) conjunctions (fanboy)
2) more adjectives
3) All description. No dialogue. No telling.

There were three toddle pigs live happily on a broad plain. After they were old enough, they decided to build their own house in this temperate spring.

The eldest brother casually saw some straws lying on the ground. He was very
lazy. Building his house was extremely hard for him. He has never finished anything in his life, but he was the master of sleeping. He slowly dragged the straws together, and comfortablely lied down on the straw under the glorious sun.

The two brothers went forward together, and as they walked, they saw a pile of wood in front of them. The yougher brother loved collecting woods. They are strong and beautiful, and their smell is refreshing. He used those wood to build his dream house.

The third pig was hardworking. He relocated the heavy bricks. The tenacious pig stacked them up together. They become a sturdy fortress，withstanding the blowing wind.

A starving wolf came. He is a skeleton. He hasn’t eaten anything for three days.
He saw a plump pig lied deliciously on the straws. His eyes glow golden. When the wolf was going to succeed, the lazy pig unexpectedly woke up. He froze when he saw the wolf. Then, he ran insanely for once in his entire life.

He rushed in his brother’s beautiful wood house. The wolf demanded them to open the door. They did not do the thing that only the idiot does, so the wolf inhales the air extremely hard and blow at the house. The wooden masterpiece disappears.

They ran into the strong fortress they brther made. The wolf tried to blow the brick house, but the brick house was as hard as a diamond. The wolf did not give up. He went into the chimney. Sadly, the fire was on, so the wolf died painfully.

grass & wood: uncountable
no s
brick: countable
+s

demand要求
The wolf inhales again to blow at the house.
The pig runs to his brother’s home.

A and B (sentences)
1.I am proud.
2.I am happy.
I am proud and happy.

I love to play basketball and video games.
I am thirsty and hungry
He is fat and ugly.

You can have Coca cola or Pepsi cola.
You prefer basketball or football.

If it is a question, please use an auxiliary verb like {do/does/did}.

Do you prefer basketball or football?

It is a boy or a girl?

If it is a question, please bring {be} to the beginning of the sentence.

Is it a boy or a girl?

I am handsome but I am bad on speech and debate.

I hate to waste time but I wasted time every day.

Simple present tense!

I hate to waste time but I waste time every day.

He is stupid but he is lucky.

Neither writing nor writing is friendly to me.

You mean {neither writing nor reading is friendly to me}?

Neither writing nor writing is friendly to me.

Neither hamberger nor ice-cream is healthy to me.

Watch your spelling! Hamburger!

Neither hamburger nor ice-cream is healthy (for) me.

I get a B on Biology nor get a G on speech and debate.

The usage of {neither…nor…}: double negation. Translated into Chinese as {既不…也不…}.

I neither get a B on Biology nor a B on speech and debate.

• student’s sentence
• Teacher’s suggestions
• Correction

He likes to runs.
He (subj) likes (verb) [to run] (object)。 To + verb = noun (Infinitive,即动词不定式,通过在动词原形前加to,创造一个具有名词性特质的短语)
第三人称单数作主语,其后动词加s(likes),但like的对象用「to do」动词不定式结构表示,这里的动词run是不需要加s的。
He likes to run.

She contempts to feeds the cat.
contempt?or{attempt}?. Again,{to do}动词不定式结构的动词feed不可以加s.
She attempts to feed the cat.

My dog catchs a stick.
第三人称单数作主语,其后动词以-s/-ss/-sh/-ch结尾,要加es.
My dog catches a stick.

We admire animals.
admire一般用于形容对「人」的敬佩和仰慕,对动物我们一般可以使用adore搭配,表示喜爱.
We adore animals.

He eats apple.
{apple} is a countable noun.You should use {an apple} or {apples} here instead.
He eats an apple.

She cooks pizza.
做披萨饼一般使用动词bake/make/order搭配pizza,不用cook搭配.
She bakes pizza.

Cats loves to eats fish.
Cats是复数名词,不需要在它的动词后加s.Again,{to do}动词不定式结构的动词eat不可以加s.
Cats love to eat fish.

• The Plague is caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria.
• Yersinia Pestis a kind of bacillus. Bacillus (a rod-shaped bacterium) travels from person to person through the air, as well as through the bite of infected fleas and rodents.
• Yersinia pestis bacteria is transmitted between rodents.
• The French biologist Alexandre Yersin discovered Yesinia Pestis at the end of the 19th century
• Yersinia pestis is a gram-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped, bacterium, without spores.
• Several species of rodents serve as the main reservoir for Y. pestis in the environment.
• The transmission of Y. pestis also occurs by fleas.
• The bacterial has the ability to suppress and avoid normal immune system responses.
• It affects the host cell’s ability to communicate with the immune system, hindering the body bringing phagocytic cells to the area of infection.
• It is a facultative anaerobic organism that can infect humans via the Oriental rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis).
• It causes the disease plague, which takes three main forms: pneumonic (infects people by pneumonia), septicemic (poisons the blood), and bubonic (swollen inflamed lymph nodes in the armpit or groin).
• Plague has caused several major epidemics in Europe and Asia over the last 2,000 years.

Words

feudal system (n) – the social and land-owning system of western Europe in the Middle Ages. Feudalism was a social system in which ownership of land was granted by a lord to an individual in exchange for his military service. The unit of land given in the agreement was called a fief.

For example:
The medieval European system of fiefs, homage, and service to the king.

The Byzantine system of pronoia, where land grants were given in exchange for military and administrative duties.

The Russian system of boyars, who held lands from the tsar and owed him loyalty and service.

The Japanese system of shogunate, where daimyo controlled lands and samurai served them as warriors.

Sentence: If I lived in a feudal system, I would be homeless.

rhyming couplet (n) – A rhyming couplet is a pair of successive lines that rhyme. It’s usually the last words at the end of each line that rhyme.

Sentence:

I’m Andy, and I taste like candy.
That’s how I got Sandy and Mandy.

I give them some rhyming couplets.
And out pop some tuplets.

Which one belongs to which?
I don’t care cuz all I need is a big dandy sandwich.

vow (noun) – a solemn promise

Sentence: I vow to conquer the world!

visor (n) – A visor is a movable part of a helmet that can be pulled down to cover the face.

sentence: I got on my bike and lowered my visor.

bishop (n) – a senior member of the Christian clergy, usually in charge of a diocese and empowered to confer holy orders.

Sentence: The bishop life may be too boring for me.

chivalry (n) – courteous behavior. Combination of qualities that encompasses courage, honor, courtesy, justice, and a readiness to help the weak.

We should all strive cultivate Chinese chivalry.

Honor (n) – Something with a lot of respect. A privilege.

Sentence: I wear it with honor.

Honor (v) – To regard with high respect.

Sentence: Honor your parents!

Medieval Ages (n) – Middle Ages, the period in European history from the end of Roman civilization in the 5th century to the period of the Renaissance.

Sentence: I feel sorry for those who lived in the Medieval Ages.

Knights (n) – During the middle age, a man who served his sovereign or lord as a mounted soldier in armor.

Sentence: The death rate of knights is close to ninety percent.

personality (n) – a combination of qualities that forms an individual’s character.

Sentence: I may not be rich, but I have a great personality!

• student’s sentence
• Teacher’s suggestions
• Correction

We cherish our ukulele.

We – plural
our – plural

So the ukulele that belongs to ‘us’ are plural.

We cherish our ukuleles.

My cat loves to scrages the sofa.

scratch. Please watch spelling!

My cat loves to scratch the sofa.

A hores would like to runs.

Please follow my framework

subj – verb – obj

subj is a horse. Because its a 3rd singular, we add ‘s’ to the verb like.
infinitive is when you add a to to the verb to make it general.

In our case, we have verb and verb. We add a to in the middle.

We add to in the middle to make [to run] into a noun.
This satisfies object receiving a noun.

A horse (subj) likes (verb) [to run] (noun)

I despise the stinky sock.

I despise stinky socks.

字颜色的意思：

学生写的
我的解释
我的意见你应该怎么写

论文写作和风格意见

这是一篇对比作文。我看到有引言、相同点、不同点和结论。
首先让我眼前一亮的是，这篇文章没有一个强有力的论点。

论文

论文要求:

• 决定性语言
• 具体细节
• 子课题

我从议论文中读出了这些句子：

他们都是父母 他们都为获得公平而努力。他们都支持自己的孩子。

果断的语言还可以，但具体的细节和副标题完全没有。

我不知道是哪本书，但你可以这样说：

Sylvia’s grandfather and Mr Mendez showed their paternal love through education, fairness, and hard work.

钩子

钩子需要吸引读者的注意力。这个钩子比较弱。我们可以使用这样的钩子

The two men face each other like wild beasts.

当你写出像上面这样的句子时，会让读者想知道冲突是什么。它能吸引人们的注意力。

现在你要做的就是在我们的钩子和论题之间写一个连接段。

让我们继续我们的工作，并修改语法：

Two people stand in two direction.

如果两个人站这互相对面的话，最好用 opposite。
然后如果用 opposite，呢就是两个 direction。。我们用复数 direction(s)

Two people stand in opposite directions

　如果学生想表达两个人站在不一样的角度，可以说：
Grandpa and Mr Mendez stand diametrically opposed when it comes to education and human rights。

我没有读过这本书所以内容我不清楚。在这方面我只能判断到这里。

语法意见 第二段

There are many similarities between Grandpa and Mr.Mendez.
When it comes to education and human rights, Grandpa and Mr Mendez share similarities.

First,they are all parents.
First and foremost, they are fathers.

They care about their children’s education.
For example,“your children have to go to a Mexican school,said Mr. Harris.But why?”This shows that Mr.Mendez really cares for his children (p.12)”

Mr Mendez shows his dedication to his children when Mr Harris wants him to send his children to a Mexican school, instead of a better all white school. “Your children have to go a Mexican school, said Mr Harris.” “But why?” rebuts Mr Mendez.

“what does a scholarship jacket mean” This proves that Grandpa wants to help Martha as well.

辅助句不充分。作者需要更多地描述或解释当时的情况。不是讲述，而是要说明人物围绕这件奖学金外套的互动是如何证明爷爷想要帮助玛莎的。

They all care about fairness the others treated Mexican Americans.

句子运行问题。我建议

They care about fairness and how Mexican Americans are treated.

As evidence,”Then if you pay for it, Martha, it’s not a scholarship jacket, is it?”

As 用错了。这是应为学神先用中文去想一个句子，然后就翻译到英文。100%不要这样。你可以先先内容。可是写内容的时候，英文管英文，中文管中文。

请看一下As 英文怎么用的：

As (preposition) – the role of

ex: My daughter dressed up [as a monster]. Baking soda can be used [as a detergent]. I work for Penguin Education [as an English Teacher].

As (Adverb)

I am not (as) fast as you.
This burger is not (as) good.
Come here (as) soon as possible.
This pie is not [as good] [as my mother’s].

clause + as + clause
ex:
It started to snow [as] we slept.

as + clause, clause
ex:
[As] we slept, it started to snow.

我建议你可以这样写：

They both showed their staunch belief in fairness when Grandpa explained to Martha that using money to buy a prize is not fair. He wanted Martha to achieve through effort and fairness. We can see this clearly when he said ”Then if you pay for it, Martha, it’s not a scholarship jacket, is it?”

This shows that Grandpa wants Martha to have fairness when there is something she is worried about.

太宽泛。要更具体。我们需要更多细节。展示，而不是讲述。

The next quote proves this as well”over the next few months

还是太宽泛了。你需要解释这句话是如何证明的。

Mr. Mendez and Mr.Marcus traveled all over orange country

“This proves that Mr.Mendez want fairness when it’s about
his children’s education.“

引文的佐证细节非常薄弱。

ref – https://www.grammarly.com/blog/thesis-statement/

A Thesis requires:

• decisive language
• specific details
• subtopics

How to structure a compare-and-contrast essay

The hardest part of structuring a compare-and-contrast essay is knowing when to talk about which subject. Essentially, you have three options:

block method (subject by subject): You discuss one subject in full and then move on to the next subject.

example – http://www.essaybyexample.com/free-essay-samples/essay-melville-moby-dick-poe-the-raven-comparative.php

The block method is usually divided into paragraphs:

a paragraph about one subject and then a new paragraph about another subject.

Take the compare-and-contrast essay example When Nothing Lies Beyond the Mask: Comparing Moby Dick and The Raven. In the first paragraph after the introduction, the author talks only about Ahab from Moby Dick, but in the next paragraph talks only about the narrator from The Raven. Each subject gets its own paragraph.

Using the block method, you can go back and forth like this for pages, covering as many topics as you need.
This approach is best for giving each subject its own attention

but tends to slightly weaken the connection between the two.

alternating method (point by point):

example – http://www.essaybyexample.com/free-essay-samples/essay-comparative-scifi-novels-movies.php

You discuss one subject’s take on a certain aspect and then another subject’s take immediately afterward, followed by a new aspect.

As another option, you can break paragraphs up by a specific topic and issue, and in each paragraph discuss both or all subjects. Let’s look at another compare-and-contrast essay example, The Reality of Science Fiction: Comparing Clarke to Cruise. Here, both subjects are discussed in the same paragraph, one right after another.

This approach works best when you want to emphasize the connection between your subjects, or lack thereof. In our example above, the author wishes to highlight just how different the aliens of Arthur Clarke are from those of other authors, particularly H. G. Wells. To emphasize this, the essay author juxtaposes the two points right next to each other in the same paragraph.

similarities and differences

ref – http://www.essaybyexample.com/free-essay-samples/essay-orwell-1984-zamyatin-we-comparative.php

You discuss all the similarities between your subjects and then all the differences, or vice versa (differences first and then similarities).

The third option is quite similar to the alternating approach, with each subject being discussed side by side in the same paragraph. However, the paragraphs aren’t divided by different topics, but instead by what the subjects have in common and what they don’t.

Take a look at the compare-and-contrast essay example Government by the People, for the People has Perished from the Earth, which compares the dystopias of George Orwell’s 1984 and Yevgeny Zamyatin’s We. The first paragraph after the introduction discusses what the governments in the two books have in common, but the next paragraph explains how they differ.

This method works best if you want to focus on a particular similarity or difference between your subjects, or if you want to build up to a powerful conclusion or reveal at the end.