Sentence Structure (v2)

Posted in EnglishAbc, RickyABC

ref – https://7esl.com/adverb-placement/

  1. Action verbs (Transitive)

    Subject – Verb (action 行为/transitive 及物 动词) – Direct Object （直接宾语）

    如果动词边上的位子是一个宾语。。这个动词叫直接宾语。
    主语 — 做 –> 动词 — 作用 –> 直接宾语

    EXAMPLES:

    Subject （主语）- who or what performs the action
    transitive verb （及物动词） – the action
    direct object (直接宾语) – whoever or whatever receives that action

    • Ricky plays volleyball.
      Subject （主语） – Ricky
      transitive verb （及物动词） – plays (we add ‘s’ because subj is 3rd singular)
      Object (直接宾语) – volleyball
    • He rides a bike.
      Subject （主语） – He
      transitive verb （及物动词） – rides (present tense: ride + ‘s’ because subj is 3rd singular)
      Object (直接宾语) – a bike
    • They fly a kite.
      Subject （主语） – They
      transitive verb （及物动词） – fly
      Object (直接宾语) – a kite

  2. Action verbs (intransitive)

    Subject (主语) – Verb (action 行为/intransitive 不及物 动词) – Preposition (介词) – Prepositional Obj (宾语)

    The rabbit laughed me. X

    You cannot laugh something, you need to use preposition (at).

    The rabbit laughed [at] me. √

    (主语) – The rabbit
    verb (不及物 动词) – laughed
    preposition (介词) – at
    object (宾语) – me

    The turtle lives forest. (X 不对)
    A turtle lives [in] a forest. √

    Subject (主语) – The turtle
    Verb (不及物 动词) – lives
    preposition (介词) – in
    Object (宾语) – a forest

    更多的例子

    • The birds fly in the sky.
      Subject (主语) – The birds
      Verb (不及物 动词) – fly
      preposition (介词) – in
      Object (宾语) – the sky

    • The girl sits [on] the couch.

      Subject (主语) – The girl
      Verb (不及物 动词) – sits
      preposition (介词) – on
      Object (宾语) – the couch

    • Tom jumps box. (X 不对)
      Tom jumps [onto] the box. √

      • 加个副词在宾语后面：
      Tom jumps [onto] the box (excitedly).
      加个副词在动词后面：

    • Tom jumps (excitedly) [onto] the box.
    • The dog ran around the corner. (The corner is the prepositional object)
    • We walk towards the airport. (The airport is the prepositional object)
    • The car sits in the garage. (The garage is the prepositional object)
    • The teacher wrote on the blackboard. (The blackboard is the prepositional object)
    • The kids play in the backyard. (The backyard is the prepositional object)

  3. Indirect Object – recepient of direct object

    Subj – Verb – Indirect Obj (receiver) – Object (direct object)

    • Step 1 – I(subj) give(verb) some cake (obj).
    • Step 2 – I(subj) gave (verb) Christine (indirect object) some cake (obj).

    • Step 1
      I(subj) give(verb) some cake (obj).
    • Step 2 – I(subj) gave (verb) Christine (indirect object) some cake (obj).
    • Simon(subj) gave (v) his uncle (ind obj) a dirty look (obj).
    • James Bond(subj) told (v) Mother (ind obj) the news (obj).
    • He (subj) bought (v) a present (obj) for his girlfriend (ind obj).
    • John (subj) asked (v) Mary (ind obj) a question (obj).
    • Ella (subj) baked (v) [a cake and cookies] (obj) for Marias (ind obj).

  4. Linking Verb (is)

    Subject (主语) + linking verb (“is/am/are/was/were/will be”) (链接动词”识别”) + Subject Complement (noun/adjective/phrase) (主语补语)

    Ricky is a teacher.
    Subject – Ricky, linking verb – is, sub complement (noun) – teacher

    You are a monster!
    subject – You, linking verb – are, sub complement (noun) – a monster

    I am pretty.
    subject – I, linking verb – am, sub complement (adj) – pretty

    She was a boy.
    subject – She, linking verb – was, sub complement (noun) – a boy

    She will be a doctor.
    subject – She, linking verb – will be, sub complement (noun) – a doctor

    You are terrible!
    subject – You, linking verb – are, sub complement (adj) – terrible

  5. Linking verbs – sense

    Subject(主语) +
    linking verb (‘sense’ – look/feel/smell/sound/taste/remain/become) (链接动词”感觉/五官”) +
    subj complement (noun/adjective/phrase) (主语补语)

    linking verb
    subject complement (noun or adjective)

    • Fried chicken smells delicious
    • The sweater feels soft.
    • I look happy.
    • Water tastes great.
    • My neighbor’s cat looks aggressive.

  6. Adverbs

    End position

    Subject (主语) + verb (action 行为动词) + (optional可用/可不用: object 宾语) + adverbs (副词)

    Mid position

    Subject (主语) + adverbs (副词) + verb (action 行为动词) + (optional可用/可不用: object 宾语)

    I played terribly
    subj – I, verb – played, adverb – terribly

    with object:
    I played the piano [terribly].

    He sang beautifully.
    subj – He, verb – sang, adverb – beautifully

    with object:
    He sang the song [beautifully].

    She stood motionlessly.
    subj – She, verb – stood, adverb – motionlessly

    with object:
    She stood outside [motionlessly].

    She undressed quickly.
    subj – She, verb – undressed, adverb – quickly

    with object:
    She [quickly] undressed in the bathroom.

    I performed remarkably.
    subj – I verb – stay adv – remarkably

    with object:
    I performed the routine [remarkably].

    The girl shouted excitedly.
    subj – The girl verb – shouted adverb – excitedly

    with object:
    The girl shouted at the animals [excitedly].

  7. Infinitive as Objects

    Purpose: express wishes, plans, intentions, or needs

    Subject (主语) + [is, am, are, like, love, want, hope, prefer, wish, hope, desire, need, plan, hate, ask, seem, refuse, try] + (to verb)

    I desire [to win] her heart.
    subj – I, verb – desire, object – to win, object complement – her heart

    I prefer [to be] the boss.
    subj – I, verb – prefer, object – to be, object complement – the boxx

    I want [to play] that game.

    subj – I, verb – want, object – to play, object complement – that game

    She wants [to eat] my dinner.

    subj – She, verb – want, object – to eat, object complement – my dinner

    I hope [to win] the race.

    subj – I, verb – hope, object – to win, object complement – the race

    The elders need [to rest].

    subj – elders, verb – need, object – to rest

  8. Infinitive as Adjective (used as Object Complement)

    Subject + [am/is/are/was/were/have/has/get/find/found/buy/borrow/rent] + (object) + [to verb]

    I am the person (obj) [to ask].
    subject – I, verb – am, obj – the person,
    infinitive (acting as adjective to describe ‘person’. ) – to ask

    She is the girl (obj) [to marry].
    subject – She, verb – is, obj – girl,
    infinitive (acting as adjective to describe ‘girl’. ) – to marry

    English 101 is the class (obj) [to take].
    subject – English 101, verb – is, obj – class,
    infinitive (acting as adjective to describe ‘class’. ) – to take

    He has a joke (obj) [to tell].
    subject – He, verb – has, obj – joke,
    infinitive (acting as adjective to describe ‘joke’. ) – to tell

    We have a job (obj) [to do].

    subject – We, verb – have, obj – a job,
    infinitive (acting as adjective to describe ‘job’. ) – to do

    I have a wedding (obj) [to attend].

    subject – I, verb – have, obj – a wedding,
    infinitive (acting as adjective to describe ‘wedding’) – to attend

    That is the team(obj) [to beat].
    subject – That, verb – is, obj – team,
    infinitive (acting as adjective to describe ‘team’) – to beat

    Let’s get some food (obj) [to eat].
    subject – Let’s, verb – get, obj – some food,
    infinitive (acting as adjective to describe ‘food’. ) – to eat

    Let’s rent a movie (obj) [to watch].
    subject – Let’s, verb – rent, obj – a movie,
    infinitive (acting as adjective to describe ‘movie’. ) – to watch

  9. Infinitive as Adverb [‘in order’]

    Subject + (action verb) + object + [to verb]

    Do the ‘in order’ test.

    I (earn) money [to live].

    test: I earn money ‘in order’ [to live]. √

    I (bought) a book [to read].

    test: I bought a book ‘in order’ [to read]. √

    I (ordered) a burger [to eat].

    test: I ordered a burger ‘in order’ to eat. √

  10. Infinitive as Adverb [‘because he/she wants/is able/etc’]

    Subject + (action verb) + object + [to verb]

    Do the

    • because he/she wants
    • because he/she is able

    test.

    He (fights) [to gain] freedom.

    test: He fights [because he wants] to gain freedom. √

    She studied hard [to pass the exam].

    test: She studied hard [because she wants] to pass the exam. √

    He is happy to sleep on the mattress.

    test: He is happy [because he is able] to sleep on the mattress. √

    Ted is happy to race the rabbit.

    test: Ted is happy [because he is able] to race the rabbit. √

  11. Gerunds

    Gerunds (a verb ending in “-ing” that functions as a noun):

    1. Subject of a Sentence

    • [Swimming] is my favorite exercise.
    • [Resting] is important for productivity.
    • [Learning] can be challenging but rewarding.

    2. Direct Object

    • He enjoys [exercising]
    • She loves [reading].
    • They avoided [sleeping].

    3. Indirect Object

    1) direct object receives the main verb.
    2) Recipient of the direct object.

    I gave a chance. (direct obj)
    I gave [hiking] a chance. (recipient of direct obj)

    4. Subject Complement

    * Her passion is [dancing].
    * His hobby is [running].
    * The hardest part was [leaving].

    5. Object of a Preposition:

    * She is good [{at} eating].
    * He is interested [{in} learning].
    * They are tired [{of} waiting].

  12. Preposition and Prepositional Object

    at – location
    I cook at(prep) home(pre obj).
    I eat at(prep) home(pre obj).
    Let’s meet at(prep) Manners(pre obj).

    at – direction
    I look at(prep) you(prep obj).
    I smile at(prep) Sara(prep obj).
    The flashlight shines at(prep) us(prep obj).

    at – time
    I will meet you at(prep) midnight(prep obj).
    Let’s meet up at(prep) Terry’s(prep obj).
    Rebecca will meet us at(prep) 8pm sharp(prep obj).

    with
    I speak [with] anger.
    I play [with] Rover.
    I watch [with] awe.

    in – expressing the situation of something that is or appears to be

    I ponder [in] silence.
    I stare [in] awe.
    They rejoice [in] victory.

    in – inside a space

    I live [in] a cave.
    Let’s look [in] the box.
    The birds fly [in] the sky.

    in – time

    We visit [in] the summer.
    I’ll see you [in] five days.
    Let’s start [in] a few moments.

    in – expressing the situation of something that is or appears to be

    I ponder [in] silence.
    I stare [in] awe.
    They rejoice [in] victory.

    on – indicate a time frame during which something takes place

    My birthday is [on] August sixth.
    The meeting is [on] the tenth.
    The parade is [on] Sunday.

    on – surface

    I jump [on] the table.
    My pet sits [on] the ground.
    The plane lands [on] the tarmac.

  13. Adverbial Phrase

    • infinitive/infinitive phrase

      “to” + base form of verb + (objects or modifiers)

      • He studied hard [to pass the exam].” (purpose)

        主语 (subj) – He
        动词 (verb) – studied
        状语 (adverbial) – to pass the exam.

      • She was surprised [to see him there]. (result)
        主语 (subj) – She
        链接动词 (linking verb) – was
        形容词(adj) – surprised
        不定时短语 (adverbial) – to see him there.
      • The box is too heavy [to lift]. (degree)
        主语 (subj) – The box
        链接动词 (linking verb) – is
        副词 + 形容词(adv + adj) – too heavy
        不定时短语 (adverbial) – to lift

      • The pirates went to Krabi [to find gold].
        主语 (subj) – The pirates
        链接动词 (linking verb) – went
        介词短语 (prep phrase) – to Krabi
        不定时短语 (infinitive phrase) – to find gold
      • My parents scour for food [to feed their children].
        主语 (subj) – My parents
        动词 (verb) – scour
        介词短语 (prep phrase) – for food
        不定时短语 (infinitive phrase) – to feed their children

    • Preposition/Prepositional Phrase

      Preposition + Object (noun, pronoun, or gerund) + any modifiers

      • I played basketball [in the morning].
        主语 (subj) – I
        动词 (verb) – played
        宾语 (obj) – basketball
        介词短语 (prep phrase) – in the morning
      • You put the dirty dishes [in the washing machine].
        主语 (subj) – You
        动词 (verb) – put
        宾语 (obj) – the dirty dishes
        介词短语 (prep phrase) – in the washing machine
      • We throw trash [in the garbage bin].
        主语 (subj) – We
        动词 (verb) – throw
        副词 (adv) – trash
        介词短语 (prep phrase) – in the garbage bin
      • They fought [like lions].
        主语 (subj) – They
        动词 (verb) – fought
        介词短语 (prep phrase) – like lions
      • The elders spoke [with quiet voices].
        主语 (subj) – The elders
        动词 (verb) – spoke
        介词短语 (prep phrase) – with quiet voices
      • He sings everyday [at two o’clock].
        主语 (subj) – He
        动词 (verb) – sings
        副词 (adv) – everyday
        介词短语 (prep phrase) – at two o’clock.

    • Adverb Phrases

      Adverb phrases modifies verbs (standard usage)

      • I exercise [very regularly].
      • I ate [quite carefully].

      Adverb phrases modifies ‘am/is/are’

      • I am too smart.
      • He is very athletic.
      • It It is only math.

      Adverb phrases modifies adjectives/adverbs

      • I find it [extremely difficult].
      • He drives [really carefully].
      • The dinner was [especially nice].

      Adverb phrases modify noun

      • She leaned [over the railing].
      • There is [barely any food].
      • The dinner was [especially nice].
      • That is [quite a tree].

      Adverb phrases modify prepositional

      • I peer [over at the funny old man].
      • I run [daily at the park].
      • We climb [right over the sofa].
      • Our budget runs [well into six digits].

    • Participle/Participle Phrase

      Present participle (-ing form) or Past Participle (-ed or irregular form) + any objects or modifiers

        As Adjectives

      • [The running water] tastes fresh. (describes water)
      • I know a [pond teeming with fish]. (describes pond)

        As Nonessential Information (describes subject)

      • Delores, [walking along the shoreline], noticed her cousin. (describes Delores)
      • The old house, [creaking with every gust of wind], stood on the hilltop. (describes the old house)

        As Nonessential Information (describe a sentence)

      • The warrior jumps into battle, [swinging an ax].
      • I stood, [staring at the sunset]

        As Fronted phrase

      • [Finishing his homework], he went out to play.
      • [Smiling broadly], she accepted the award.

    • Gerund Phrases

      1. Subject of a Sentence

      • [Swimming in the lake] is my favorite exercise.
      • [Taking a break] is important for productivity.
      • [Learning a new language] can be challenging but rewarding.

      2. Direct Object

      • He enjoys [(playing) the guitar]
      • She loves [(reading) mystery novels].
      • They avoided [(making) eye contact].

      3. Indirect Object

      1) direct object receives the main verb.
      2) Recipient of the direct object.

      I gave a chance. (direct obj)
      I gave [hiking in the volcano] a chance. (recipient of direct obj)

      4. Subject Complement

      * Her passion is [dancing on rooftops].
      * His hobby is [(collecting) stamps].
      * The hardest part was [(saying) goodbye].

      5. Object of a Preposition:

      * She is good [{at} (solving) puzzles].
      * He is interested [{in} (learning) to code].
      * They are tired [{of} (waiting) in line].

  14. Subject + helping verb + main verb + object

    helping verb
    main verb

    Present Perfect – Subj + [have/has] + Past Participle

    I have eaten squid.
    The turtle has eaten bugs since he was little.
    My friend has bought a new car.
    I have lived in LA for most of my life.

    Present Continuous – Subj + [am/is/are/was/were] + [verb + ing]

    I am playing video games.
    Ricky is correcting homework.
    My mom is cooking dinner.
    We are fixing the car.