1. Definition

Concessive adverbial phrases express contrast or contradiction (e.g., “although,” “despite,” “even though”). They clarify that an action occurs unexpectedly given the main clause.

2. Comma Rules

A. Concessive Phrase AT THE START of a Sentence
→ ALWAYS use a comma after the phrase.

“Although he studied hard, he failed the exam.”

“Despite her experience, she wasn’t hired.”

Why? The comma separates the introductory contrast from the main clause.

B. Concessive Phrase IN THE MIDDLE/END of a Sentence

Use a comma ONLY if the phrase is nonessential (adds extra, removable info).

With Comma (Nonessential):

“The policy was implemented, although it faced criticism.”

The main clause (“The policy was implemented”) is complete alone.

“Although it faced criticism” adds extra, non-vital context.

Without Comma (Essential):

“She was hired although she lacked qualifications.”

Here, “although she lacked qualifications” is tightly linked to the main clause’s meaning. Removing it changes the implication.