Sentence Structure (v2)

ref – https://7esl.com/adverb-placement/

Action verbs (Transitive)

Subject – Verb (action 行为/transitive 及物动词) – Direct Object （直接宾语）

及物动词下一个位子能接受一个宾语。。这个叫直接宾语

Subject （主语）- who or what performs the action
transitive verb （及物动词） – the action
direct object (直接宾语) – whoever or whatever receives that action
- Ricky plays volleyball.
  Subject （主语） – Ricky
  transitive verb （及物动词） – plays (we add ‘s’ because subj is 3rd singular)
  Object (直接宾语) – volleyball
- He rides a bike.
  Subject （主语） – He
  transitive verb （及物动词） – rides (present tense: ride + ‘s’ because subj is 3rd singular)
  Object (直接宾语) – a bike
- They fly a kite.
  Subject （主语） – They
  transitive verb （及物动词） – fly
  Object (直接宾语) – a kite
Action verbs (intransitive)

Subject (主语) – Verb (action 行为/intransitive 不及物动词) – Preposition (介词) – Prepositional Obj (宾语)

The rabbit laughed me. X

You cannot laugh something, you need to use preposition (at).

The rabbit laughed [at] me. √

(主语) – The rabbit
verb (不及物动词) – laughed
preposition (介词) – at
object (宾语) – me

The turtle lives forest. (X 不对)
A turtle lives [in] a forest. √

Subject (主语) – The turtle
Verb (不及物动词) – lives
preposition (介词) – in
Object (宾语) – a forest

更多的例子
- The birds fly in the sky.
  Subject (主语) – The birds
  Verb (不及物动词) – fly
  preposition (介词) – in
  Object (宾语) – the sky
- The girl sits [on] the couch.
  
  Subject (主语) – The girl
  Verb (不及物动词) – sits
  preposition (介词) – on
  Object (宾语) – the couch
- Tom jumps box. (X 不对)
  Tom jumps [onto] the box. √
- Tom jumps (excitedly) [onto] the box.
- The dog ran around the corner. (The corner is the prepositional object)
- We walk towards the airport. (The airport is the prepositional object)
- The car sits in the garage. (The garage is the prepositional object)
- The teacher wrote on the blackboard. (The blackboard is the prepositional object)
- The kids play in the backyard. (The backyard is the prepositional object)
Indirect Object – recepient of direct object

Subj – Verb – Indirect Obj (receiver) – Object (direct object)
- Step 1 – I(subj) give(verb) some cake (obj).
- Step 2 – I(subj) gave (verb) Christine (indirect object) some cake (obj).
- Step 1
  I(subj) give(verb) some cake (obj).
- Step 2 – I(subj) gave (verb) Christine (indirect object) some cake (obj).
- Simon(subj) gave (v) his uncle (ind obj) a dirty look (obj).
- James Bond(subj) told (v) Mother (ind obj) the news (obj).
- He (subj) bought (v) a present (obj) for his girlfriend (ind obj).
- John (subj) asked (v) Mary (ind obj) a question (obj).
- Ella (subj) baked (v) [a cake and cookies] (obj) for Marias (ind obj).
Linking Verb (is)

Subject (主语) + linking verb (“is/am/are/was/were/will be”) (链接动词”识别”) + Subject Complement (noun/adjective/phrase) (主语补语)

Ricky is a teacher.
Subject – Ricky, linking verb – is, sub complement (noun) – teacher

You are a monster!
subject – You, linking verb – are, sub complement (noun) – a monster

I am pretty.
subject – I, linking verb – am, sub complement (adj) – pretty

She was a boy.
subject – She, linking verb – was, sub complement (noun) – a boy

She will be a doctor.
subject – She, linking verb – will be, sub complement (noun) – a doctor

You are terrible!
subject – You, linking verb – are, sub complement (adj) – terrible
Linking verbs – sense

Subject(主语) +
linking verb (‘sense’ – look/feel/smell/sound/taste/remain/become) (链接动词”感觉/五官”) +
subj complement (noun/adjective/phrase) (主语补语)

linking verb
subject complement (noun or adjective)
- Fried chicken smells delicious
- The sweater feels soft.
- I look happy.
- Water tastes great.
- My neighbor’s cat looks aggressive.
Adverbs

End position

Subject (主语) + verb (action 行为动词) + (optional可用/可不用: object 宾语) + adverbs (副词)

Mid position

Subject (主语) + adverbs (副词) + verb (action 行为动词) + (optional可用/可不用: object 宾语)

I played terribly
subj – I, verb – played, adverb – terribly

with object:
I played the piano [terribly].

He sang beautifully.
subj – He, verb – sang, adverb – beautifully

with object:
He sang the song [beautifully].

She stood motionlessly.
subj – She, verb – stood, adverb – motionlessly

with object:
She stood outside [motionlessly].

She undressed quickly.
subj – She, verb – undressed, adverb – quickly

with object:
She [quickly] undressed in the bathroom.

I performed remarkably.
subj – I verb – stay adv – remarkably

with object:
I performed the routine [remarkably].

The girl shouted excitedly.
subj – The girl verb – shouted adverb – excitedly

with object:
The girl shouted at the animals [excitedly].
Infinitive as Objects

Purpose: express wishes, plans, intentions, or needs

Subject (主语) + [is, am, are, like, love, want, hope, prefer, wish, hope, desire, need, plan, hate, ask, seem, refuse, try] + (to verb)

I desire [to win] her heart.
subj – I, verb – desire, object – to win, object complement – her heart

I prefer [to be] the boss.
subj – I, verb – prefer, object – to be, object complement – the boxx

I want [to play] that game.

subj – I, verb – want, object – to play, object complement – that game

She wants [to eat] my dinner.

subj – She, verb – want, object – to eat, object complement – my dinner

I hope [to win] the race.

subj – I, verb – hope, object – to win, object complement – the race

The elders need [to rest].

subj – elders, verb – need, object – to rest
Infinitive as Adjective (used as Object Complement)

Subject + [am/is/are/was/were/have/has/get/find/found/buy/borrow/rent] + (object) + [to verb]

I am the person (obj) [to ask].
subject – I, verb – am, obj – the person,
infinitive (acting as adjective to describe ‘person’. ) – to ask

She is the girl (obj) [to marry].
subject – She, verb – is, obj – girl,
infinitive (acting as adjective to describe ‘girl’. ) – to marry

English 101 is the class (obj) [to take].
subject – English 101, verb – is, obj – class,
infinitive (acting as adjective to describe ‘class’. ) – to take

He has a joke (obj) [to tell].
subject – He, verb – has, obj – joke,
infinitive (acting as adjective to describe ‘joke’. ) – to tell

We have a job (obj) [to do].

subject – We, verb – have, obj – a job,
infinitive (acting as adjective to describe ‘job’. ) – to do

I have a wedding (obj) [to attend].

subject – I, verb – have, obj – a wedding,
infinitive (acting as adjective to describe ‘wedding’) – to attend

That is the team(obj) [to beat].
subject – That, verb – is, obj – team,
infinitive (acting as adjective to describe ‘team’) – to beat

Let’s get some food (obj) [to eat].
subject – Let’s, verb – get, obj – some food,
infinitive (acting as adjective to describe ‘food’. ) – to eat

Let’s rent a movie (obj) [to watch].
subject – Let’s, verb – rent, obj – a movie,
infinitive (acting as adjective to describe ‘movie’. ) – to watch
Infinitive as Adverb [‘in order’]

Subject + (action verb) + object + [to verb]

Do the ‘in order’ test.

I (earn) money [to live].

test: I earn money ‘in order’ [to live]. √

I (bought) a book [to read].

test: I bought a book ‘in order’ [to read]. √

I (ordered) a burger [to eat].

test: I ordered a burger ‘in order’ to eat. √
Infinitive as Adverb [‘because he/she wants/is able/etc’]

Subject + (action verb) + object + [to verb]

Do the
- because he/she wants
- because he/she is able
test.

He (fights) [to gain] freedom.

test: He fights [because he wants] to gain freedom. √

She studied hard [to pass the exam].

test: She studied hard [because she wants] to pass the exam. √

He is happy to sleep on the mattress.

test: He is happy [because he is able] to sleep on the mattress. √

Ted is happy to race the rabbit.

test: Ted is happy [because he is able] to race the rabbit. √
Gerunds

Gerunds (a verb ending in “-ing” that functions as a noun):
1. Subject of a Sentence
- [Swimming] is my favorite exercise.
- [Resting] is important for productivity.
- [Learning] can be challenging but rewarding.
2. Direct Object
- He enjoys [exercising]
- She loves [reading].
- They avoided [sleeping].
3. Indirect Object

1) direct object receives the main verb.
2) Recipient of the direct object.

I gave a chance. (direct obj)
I gave [hiking] a chance. (recipient of direct obj)

4. Subject Complement

* Her passion is [dancing].
* His hobby is [running].
* The hardest part was [leaving].

5. Object of a Preposition:

* She is good [{at} eating].
* He is interested [{in} learning].
* They are tired [{of} waiting].
Preposition and Prepositional Object

at – location
I cook at(prep) home(pre obj).
I eat at(prep) home(pre obj).
Let’s meet at(prep) Manners(pre obj).

at – direction
I look at(prep) you(prep obj).
I smile at(prep) Sara(prep obj).
The flashlight shines at(prep) us(prep obj).

at – time
I will meet you at(prep) midnight(prep obj).
Let’s meet up at(prep) Terry’s(prep obj).
Rebecca will meet us at(prep) 8pm sharp(prep obj).

with
I speak [with] anger.
I play [with] Rover.
I watch [with] awe.

in – expressing the situation of something that is or appears to be

I ponder [in] silence.
I stare [in] awe.
They rejoice [in] victory.

in – inside a space

I live [in] a cave.
Let’s look [in] the box.
The birds fly [in] the sky.

in – time

We visit [in] the summer.
I’ll see you [in] five days.
Let’s start [in] a few moments.

in – expressing the situation of something that is or appears to be

I ponder [in] silence.
I stare [in] awe.
They rejoice [in] victory.

on – indicate a time frame during which something takes place

My birthday is [on] August sixth.
The meeting is [on] the tenth.
The parade is [on] Sunday.

on – surface

I jump [on] the table.
My pet sits [on] the ground.
The plane lands [on] the tarmac.
Adverbial Phrase
- infinitive/infinitive phrase
  
  “to” + base form of verb + (objects or modifiers)
  - He studied hard [to pass the exam].” (purpose)
    
    主语 (subj) – He
    动词 (verb) – studied
    状语 (adverbial) – to pass the exam.
  - She was surprised [to see him there]. (result)
    主语 (subj) – She
    链接动词 (linking verb) – was
    形容词(adj) – surprised
    不定时短语 (adverbial) – to see him there.
  - The box is too heavy [to lift]. (degree)
    主语 (subj) – The box
    链接动词 (linking verb) – is
    副词 + 形容词(adv + adj) – too heavy
    不定时短语 (adverbial) – to lift
  - The pirates went to Krabi [to find gold].
    主语 (subj) – The pirates
    链接动词 (linking verb) – went
    介词短语 (prep phrase) – to Krabi
    不定时短语 (infinitive phrase) – to find gold
  - My parents scour for food [to feed their children].
    主语 (subj) – My parents
    动词 (verb) – scour
    介词短语 (prep phrase) – for food
    不定时短语 (infinitive phrase) – to feed their children
- Preposition/Prepositional Phrase
  
  Preposition + Object (noun, pronoun, or gerund) + any modifiers
  - I played basketball [in the morning].
    主语 (subj) – I
    动词 (verb) – played
    宾语 (obj) – basketball
    介词短语 (prep phrase) – in the morning
  - You put the dirty dishes [in the washing machine].
    主语 (subj) – You
    动词 (verb) – put
    宾语 (obj) – the dirty dishes
    介词短语 (prep phrase) – in the washing machine
  - We throw trash [in the garbage bin].
    主语 (subj) – We
    动词 (verb) – throw
    副词 (adv) – trash
    介词短语 (prep phrase) – in the garbage bin
  - They fought [like lions].
    主语 (subj) – They
    动词 (verb) – fought
    介词短语 (prep phrase) – like lions
  - The elders spoke [with quiet voices].
    主语 (subj) – The elders
    动词 (verb) – spoke
    介词短语 (prep phrase) – with quiet voices
  - He sings everyday [at two o’clock].
    主语 (subj) – He
    动词 (verb) – sings
    副词 (adv) – everyday
    介词短语 (prep phrase) – at two o’clock.
- Adverb Phrases
  Adverb phrases modifies verbs (standard usage)
  - I exercise [very regularly].
  - I ate [quite carefully].
  Adverb phrases modifies ‘am/is/are’
  - I am too smart.
  - He is very athletic.
  - It It is only math.
  Adverb phrases modifies adjectives/adverbs
  - I find it [extremely difficult].
  - He drives [really carefully].
  - The dinner was [especially nice].
  Adverb phrases modify noun
  - She leaned [over the railing].
  - There is [barely any food].
  - The dinner was [especially nice].
  - That is [quite a tree].
  Adverb phrases modify prepositional
  - I peer [over at the funny old man].
  - I run [daily at the park].
  - We climb [right over the sofa].
  - Our budget runs [well into six digits].
- Participle/Participle Phrase
  
  Present participle (-ing form) or Past Participle (-ed or irregular form) + any objects or modifiers
  - [The running water] tastes fresh. (describes water)
  - I know a [pond teeming with fish]. (describes pond)
  - Delores, [walking along the shoreline], noticed her cousin. (describes Delores)
  - The old house, [creaking with every gust of wind], stood on the hilltop. (describes the old house)
  - The warrior jumps into battle, [swinging an ax].
  - I stood, [staring at the sunset]
  As Fronted phrase
  
  [Finishing his homework], he went out to play.
  
  [Smiling broadly], she accepted the award.
- Gerund Phrases
  1. Subject of a Sentence
  - [Swimming in the lake] is my favorite exercise.
  - [Taking a break] is important for productivity.
  - [Learning a new language] can be challenging but rewarding.
  2. Direct Object
  - He enjoys [(playing) the guitar]
  - She loves [(reading) mystery novels].
  - They avoided [(making) eye contact].
  3. Indirect Object
  
  1) direct object receives the main verb.
  2) Recipient of the direct object.
  
  I gave a chance. (direct obj)
  I gave [hiking in the volcano] a chance. (recipient of direct obj)
  
  4. Subject Complement
  
  * Her passion is [dancing on rooftops].
  * His hobby is [(collecting) stamps].
  * The hardest part was [(saying) goodbye].
  
  5. Object of a Preposition:
  
  * She is good [{at} (solving) puzzles].
  * He is interested [{in} (learning) to code].
  * They are tired [{of} (waiting) in line].
Subject + helping verb + main verb + object

helping verb
main verb

Present Perfect – Subj + [have/has] + Past Participle

I have eaten squid.
The turtle has eaten bugs since he was little.
My friend has bought a new car.
I have lived in LA for most of my life.

Present Continuous – Subj + [am/is/are/was/were] + [verb + ing]

I am playing video games.
Ricky is correcting homework.
My mom is cooking dinner.
We are fixing the car.

Action verbs (Transitive)

Action verbs (intransitive)

更多的例子

Indirect Object – recepient of direct object

Step 1 – I(subj) give(verb) some cake (obj). Step 2 – I(subj) gave (verb) Christine (indirect object) some cake (obj).

Linking Verb (is)

Linking verbs – sense

Adverbs

Infinitive as Objects

Infinitive as Adjective (used as Object Complement)

Infinitive as Adverb [‘in order’]

Infinitive as Adverb [‘because he/she wants/is able/etc’]

Gerunds

1. Subject of a Sentence

2. Direct Object

3. Indirect Object

4. Subject Complement

5. Object of a Preposition:

Preposition and Prepositional Object

Adverbial Phrase

infinitive/infinitive phrase

Preposition/Prepositional Phrase

Adverb Phrases

Adverb phrases modifies verbs (standard usage)

Adverb phrases modifies ‘am/is/are’

Adverb phrases modifies adjectives/adverbs

Adverb phrases modify noun

Adverb phrases modify prepositional

Participle/Participle Phrase

As Adjectives

As Nonessential Information (describes subject)

As Nonessential Information (describe a sentence)

As Fronted phrase

Gerund Phrases

1. Subject of a Sentence

2. Direct Object

3. Indirect Object

4. Subject Complement

5. Object of a Preposition:

Subject + helping verb + main verb + object

Present Perfect – Subj + [have/has] + Past Participle

Present Continuous – Subj + [am/is/are/was/were] + [verb + ing]

Step 1 – I(subj) give(verb) some cake (obj).

Step 2 – I(subj) gave (verb) Christine (indirect object) some cake (obj).