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ref – https://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/relative_pronouns.htm

Relative Pronoun – a pronoun that heads an adjective clause.

• that

  [The dog (that) stole the pie] is back.
  

• which

  • My new dog, (which) I bought last year, loves green beans.
  • I rode my bike, (which) now had two bent spokes, back home.

• who

  • [The person (who) bought his car] found gold under the seat.
  • [The girl (who) stole your phone] is outside.
  • Mrs Miggins, (who) owns a pie shop, is outside.

• whom

  Our lawyer, (whom) we employed for over a year, was related to the complainant.
  

• whose

  The young girl (whose) cat scratched our sofa has offered to replace the cushions.
  

Do you put a comma before the relative pronoun (except ‘that’)?

The answer is sometimes yes and sometimes no. (Actually, it doesn’t apply to “that,” but we’ll cover that point later.) Look at these two examples using “who”:

The man who won last week’s lottery gave all his money to a donkey sanctuary.

My neighbour, who won last week’s lottery, gave all his money to a donkey sanctuary.

These two sentences are nearly identical, but one has commas and one doesn’t. They are both correct.

It all depends whether the adjective clause (the highlighted text) specifies its noun.

If it does (like in the first example, where it specifies “the man”), then don’t use commas. If it doesn’t (like in the second example, where it’s just additional information about “my neighbour”), then use commas.

The English grammar concept where the second verb in a sentence uses the base form is primarily related to the use of:

Modal Verbs:

Modal verbs (can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would) are always followed by the base form of the main verb.
Example: She can sing beautifully.
Verbs of Perception:

Verbs like see, hear, watch, feel, notice, observe are often followed by an object and then the base form of a verb to describe the action that was perceived.
Example: I saw him leave the house.
Causative Verbs:

The verbs let, make, and have (when used in a causative sense) are followed by an object and the base form of a verb.
*Example: He made her laugh.
Other Constructions:

There are also some other specific constructions where the base form is used, such as after the expressions had better and sometimes after the verb help.
Examples: You had better go now. / Can you help me move this box?
Additional Notes

The base form of a verb is its simplest, uninflected form, as it appears in the dictionary.
In these constructions, the first verb (modal, perception, causative, etc.) carries the grammatical information about tense, mood, etc., so the second verb remains in its base form.

1. Noun Clause

   Subj + (verb: think/believe/know/understand/realize/remember/guess…) + [(that/what/which/who/why/) subj + verb + …]

   • know: We know [that the earth is round].
   • know: We know [what the problem is].
   • know: We know [who stole the money].
   • know: We know [which car has the problem].
   • know: We know [why he was killed].
   • forget: He forgot [that he had an appointment].
   • forget: He forgot [which house it was].
   • forget: He forgot [why he was there].
   • forget: He forgot [who his friends were].
   • think: I think [that she is right].
   • believe: He believes [that hard work pays off].
   • understand: I understand [what the issues are].
   • realize: She realized [why we lost].
   • remember: I remember [that we met last year].
   • imagine: I imagine [that we are doomed].
   • suppose: I suppose [that is true].
   • guess: I guess [that is true].
   • discover: They discovered [why the sky is blue].
   • learn: We learned [that the earth revolves around the sun].
   • decide: He decided [that he would go to college].
   • show: The data shows [that the economy is terrible].
   • prove: The evidence proves [which player is the best].
   • say: She said [that she would be late].
   • tell: He told me [when it will happen].
   • explain: The teacher explained [that the test was postponed].
   • report: The news reported [why America was crumbling].
   • announce: They announced [that inflation will increase]
   • declare: He declared [that he was innocent].
   • claim: She claimed [that she saw a UFO].
   • admit: He admitted [that he was wrong].
   • deny: She denied [that she had stolen the money].
   • confirm: They confirmed [that the flight was on time].

2. Subj + modal verb + main verb (original form) + (Rest of Sentence)

   (no “s” for third person singular)

   • Ability: can, could
   • Permission: may, might, can, could
   • Obligation: must, should, ought to
   • Probability: will, would, should
   • Possibility: may, might, could

   Examples:

   • She can speak three languages. (Ability)
   • You may borrow my book. (Permission)
   • They must leave now. (Obligation)
   • It will probably rain tomorrow. (Probability)
   • He might come to the party. (Possibility)
   • I could help you with your homework. (Offer)
   • Would you like some tea? (Polite request)
   • We should study for the test. (Recommendation)
   • You ought to apologize for your mistake. (Advice)

3. Adverbial Phrase(Prepositional Phrase, Infinitive Phrase..etc), [Your Sentence]

   Prepositional Phrases

   Under the bridge, the trolls lived in their gloomy cave.
   After the storm, the air was fresh and clean.
   With a smile, she accepted the award.
   During the summer, we like to go swimming in the lake.
   Across the street, the bakery was filled with delicious smells.

   Infinitive Phrases

   Gerund phrases

4. Subject + Auxiliary Verb + Main Verb

5. Adverbial Clause

   read more

   Subject (主语) + verb (动词) + (optional可用/可不用: object 宾语) + (subordinating conjunction 从属连词) + clause(主语 + 动词)

   Modifies the verb:

   A winner [practices] [until they feel tired].
   subj – A winner verb – practices adverb clause – until they (s) feel (v) tired

   I [became] an adult [when my wife gave birth].
   subj – I verb – became adverb clause – when my wife (s) gave (v) birth

   I will [work] [until I become rich].
   subj – I verb – will work adverb clause – until I(s) become (v) rich

   I’ll [come] [after I finish breakfast].
   subj – I’ll verb – come adverb clause – after I (s) finish (v) breakfast

   I [studied] [before I ate dinner].
   subj – I verb – studied adverb clause – before I (s) ate (v) dinner

   You [push] the button [if anyone moves].
   subj – You verb – push adverb clause – if anyone(s) moves(v)

   如果 subordinating conjunction 先开始的话，要用逗号:
   (subordinating conjunction 从属连词) + clause(主语 + 动词), Subject (主语) + verb (动词) + (optional可用/可不用: object 宾语).

   When my wife gave birth, I [became] an adult .

   [Before I ate dinner], I [studied].

   [If anyone moves], you [push] the button.

   [Since I want to be champion], I will [work] hard.

   [When the train stopped], the people [got] on.

   [When the bell rang], the students [rushed] out of the classroom.

   Modifies the Adjective:

   adjective + (subordinating conjunction 从属连词) + clause(主语 + 动词)

   The water was so [cold] that my teeth started chattering.

   She was so [tired] that she fell asleep on the couch.

   She was more [excited] than I had ever seen her.

   The cake was as [delicious] as she had promised.

   Modifies the Adverb:

   adverb + (subordinating conjunction 从属连词) + clause(主语 + 动词)

   She spoke so [softly] that I could barely hear her.

   He drives more [carefully] when it’s raining

   They arrived [earlier] than we expected.

   She sings more [beautifully] when she’s on stage.

6. Perceived action

   Subj + Verb of perception + object + bare infinitive

   Focus on the observed action: The bare infinitive emphasizes the action itself, not the time it happened. It’s like a snapshot of what the person saw.

   “I saw him leave” means you witnessed the act of him leaving. It’s not about when he left, but that you saw it happen.

   • She heard the bird sing. (Not “sang”)
   • They watched the children play. (Not “played”)
   • I felt the ground shake. (Not “shook”)

The main modal verbs are “can,” “could,” “may,” “might,” “shall,” “should,” “will,” “would,” and “must.” Modal verbs refers to “modality”, which is possibility, ability, permission, obligation, and condition.

Present Modal Verbs

Subject + Modal Verb + Base Form of Main Verb + (complements/phrases)

Unlike a normal verb, a modal verb does not change. In other words, a modal verb does not conjugate, have participle forms, or have an infinitive form. For example:

play/plays playing/played [to play]
can X X

Modal Verbs Showing Possibility

“can,” “could,” “may,” or “might” + [base form]

Alan can play football against St. Joseph’s.

Alan could play against St. Joseph’s because he cancell[ed] his holiday.
(Note that “could” is the past-tense version of “can.”)
We use could because of the word cancelled. Its past tense so the possibility takes in past tense..hence ‘could’.

People may hear your words, but they feel your attitude.
(This means “people will likely hear your words.”)

You might be wrong.
(This means “maybe you are wrong.”)

Modal Verbs Showing Ability

“can” or “could” + [base form]

John can speak German.
(“Can” is most commonly used to show ability. This means “John is able to speak German.”)

John [could] speak French when he [was] a boy.
(Note that “could” is the past-tense version of “can.” This means “John was able to speak French.”) We’re talking past tense there because of [was], hence the possibility ‘can’ must be in past tense, hence ‘could’.

Modal Verbs Showing Permission

“can” or “may” + [base form]

You can swim in the lake.
(“Can” is also used to express permission.)

You may swim in the lake.
(“May” is more polite than “can” when expressing permission.)

Modal Verbs Showing Obligation

“shall,” “should,” or “must” + [base form]

We shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be.
(Shall means “expressing a strong assertion”, so “We have no option but to defend our island.”)

The aim of argument should be progress not victory.

(This means “It is right if the aim of argument is progress.”)

You must do the things you think you cannot do.
(This means “It is right to do the things you think you cannot do.”)

Modal Verbs Showing Condition

“would” + [base form]
The word “happy” would lose its meaning if it were not balanced by sadness. correct tick (Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung)
(Sadness is needed for “happy” to exist. It is a condition.)

Past modal verbs

Subject + modal verb + have + past participle + (complements/phrases)

The format below is another common way of using modal verbs:
[modal verb] + “have” + [past participle]
This structure is typically used for expressing modality (e.g., possibility, ability, permission, obligation, and condition) in the past tense.